Table 2: Comparison of urinary metabolites between tAMD and PCV groups.

  *Reference Range Female/Male (μg/mg Cr) Total (N=17) tAMD (N=8) PCV (N=9) P Value tAMD vs PCV
Pyruvate
Concentration (μg/mg Cr) 0.6-6.6/0.5-5.9 8.0 ± 2.8 8.3 ± 3.1 7.7 ± 2.4 **0.3502
% Increase - 83.6 ± 51.1 93.4 ± 59.0 74.9 ± 41.0 **0.2500
Abnormal level - 11/17 (64.7%) 5/8 (62.5%) 6/9 (66.6%) †0.6267
Lactate
Concentration (μg/mg Cr) 0.0-1.6/0.0-1.6 7.5 ± 8.3 4.6 ± 5.4 10.1 ± 9.6 **0.0960
% Increase - 426.5 ± 527.8 244.2 ± 343.4 588.5 ± 604.7 **0.0960
Abnormal level - 12/17 (70.6%) 5/8 (62.5%) 7/9 (77.7%) †0.4367
α-Hydroxybutyrate
Concentration (μg/mg Cr) 0.2-2.8/0.2-2.8 0.6 ± 0.4 0.5 ± 0.4 0.7 ± 0.4 **0.1233
% Increase - -31.9 ± 15.2 -36.7 ± 15.6 -27.6 ± 13.5 **0.1233
Abnormal level - 0/17 (0.0%) 0/8 (0.0%) 0/9 (0.0%) †NA
β-Hydroxybutyrate
Concentration (μg/mg Cr) 0.0-1.9/0.0-1.9 0.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.3 **0.3406
% Increase - -33.1 ± 17.5 -35.1 ± 17.6 -31.3 ± 17.2 **0.3406
Abnormal level - 0/17 (0.0%) 0/8 (0.0%) 0/9 (0.0%) †NA
Lactate/Pyruvate ratio
Value 0.1-0.2/0.1-0.2 0.9 ± 0.9 0.6 ± 0.7 1.2 ± 1.0 **0.0955
% Increase - 315.0 ± 369.9 250.8 ± 173.6 440.7 ± 411.1 **0.0734
Abnormal value - 12/17 (70.6%) 5/8 (62.5%) 7/9 (77.7%) †0.4367

Cr = Creatinine. NA=Not applicable. % Increase means the percent increase relative to the mean + standard deviation. *Reference ranges are gender-specific. NA=not applicable.
** Unpaired Student’s t-test. †Chi-square test of independence or Fisher’s exact probability test.