Table 3: Significant pre-operative determinants of poor outcomes as measured by pain and/or function status at 6 weeks to 2 years following TKA.

Determinant type	PAIN	Studies	FUNCTION	Studies	PAIN & FUNCTION combined	Studies
Demographic	Younger age	[24]	Younger age	[10]	Female gender	[23, 25]
	Female gender	[26]	Older age	[25, 26]	South-Asian, black or other non-white ethnicity	[23]
			Female gender	[25]	Younger age	[23]
			Single, separated or divorced	[17]	Older age	[23]
Socioeconomic	Low income	[34]	Unemployed or retired	[17]	Greater social deprivation	[23, 25]
	Greater social deprivation	[25]	Greater social deprivation	[25]
	Lower education level	[18]
Psychosocial	Lower coping efficacy	[51]	Lower coping efficacy	[51]	Presence of depression	[23, 25, 32, 35]
	High arthritis helplessness	[51]	Absence of social support	[24]	Higher anxiety level	[25, 27]
	Higher pessimism	[51]	Higher anxiety	[25, 31]
	Lower expected chance of recovery	[51]	Higher depression level	[18, 25]
	Lower expected change in quality of life	[51]	Less frequent availability of tangible support	[18]
	Absence of social support	[24]	Less problem-solving coping style	[18]
	Higher anxiety level	[25, 31]	Greater pain catastrophizing	[30, 36]
	Higher depression level	[25]	Worse self-efficacy	[32]
	Less problem-solving coping style	[18]
	More dysfunctional coping	[18]
	Less internal belief of control over health	[18]
	Greater pain catastrophizing	[30]
	Greater perceived injustice	[37]
Clinical	Worse pain level	[9, 15, 17, 29, 24-26, 28, 32]	Worse function level	[9, 10, 15, 17-19, 24-26, 28, 31, 37]	Presence of back pain	[33, 35]
	Presence of back pain	[24, 26]	Presence of back pain	[24]	Worse pain/function levels	[20, 23, 25, 27, 29, 35]
	Greater comorbidity	[18, 24, 26, 38]	Greater comorbidity	[10, 24, 26]	Worse mental health	[20, 33, 35]
	Worse mental health	[25]	Worse mental health	[10, 26, 38]	Worse general health status	[23]
	OA diagnosis	[19]	Use of walking devices	[10]	Vascular comorbidity	[23, 26]
	Symptomatic ankles/feet/toes	[19]	Higher BMI	[25, 26]	Obesity	[39]
	Symptomatic neck	[19]	Symptomatic ankles/feet/toes	[19]	Higher BMI	[20, 25]
			Symptomatic neck	[19]	OA diagnosis	[23, 25]
			More painful joints elsewhere	[31]	Greater comorbidity	[20, 29]
			Restricted knee flexion	[26]	Heart disease	[23]
					Absence of high blood pressure	[23]
					Stroke	[23]
					Diabetes	[23]
					Revision surgery	[23]
					Shorter duration of symptoms	[23]
Surgical	Cruciate-retaining implant	[17]	NONE	NONE	NONE	NONE