Table 4: Data of study participants with and without osteoporosis.

Variable Non-
Osteoporosis
(n=151)
Osteoporosis
(n=63)
Crude odds ratio
(95%CI)
p Adjusted odds ratio
(95%CI)
p
Age (years) 64.1 (13.5) 62.2 (14.0) 0.98 (0.96–1.01) .35 0.99 (0.96–1.02) .56
Weight (kg) 56.2 (10.1) 58.1 (11.2) 1.01 (0.99–1.05) .23 1.01 (0.74–1.38) .96
Height (cm) 156.1 (10.1) 157.4 (9.7) 1.02 (0.98–1.05) .33 1.04 (0.94–1.14) .44
BMI (kg/m2) 23.2 (3.3) 23.7 (3.0) 1.05 (0.96–1.14) .33 1.09 (0.71–1.66) .71
Gender
Men (n) 50 19 1 .67 1 .21
Women (n) 101 44 1.15(0.61–2.70) 5.22 (0.40–68.1)
Fat free mass (kg) 41.5 (8.2) 42.2 (9.5) 1.01 (0.98–1.04) .56 0.09 (0.002–5.26) .24
Total muscle mass (kg) 39.2 (7.8) 39.9 (9.1) 1.01 (0.98–1.04) .56 13.9 (0.18–1093.3) .24
Total fat mass (kg) 15.1 (6.5) 16.1 (7.0) 1.02 (0.98–1.07) .29 0.89 (0.57–1.40) .64
Percent of body fat (%) 26.4 (8.6) 27.5 (9.0) 1.02 (0.98–1.05) .38 1.07 (0.86–1.34) .57
Dominant handgrip (kg) 26.7 (6.5) 21.9 (6.0) 0.87 (0.82–0.93) .00 1.01 (0.91–1.13) .80
Non-dominant handgrip (kg) 26.9 (7.9) 19.7 (7.0) 0.86 (0.81–0.91) .00 0.84 (0.74–0.95) .006
Dominant key pinch (kg) 8.1(2.1) 6.5 (1.9) 0.64 (0.53–0.78) .00 1.05 (0.68–1.64) .81
Non-dominant key pinch (kg) 7.8 (2.1) 6.3 (1.8) 0.64 (0.53–0.78) .00 1.03 (0.65– 1.63) .90
Locomo25 score 9.1 (10.7) 11.5 (14.2) 1.02 (0.99–1.04) .18 1.01 (0.98–1.05) .52
EuroQOL index score 0.85 (0.18) 0.77 (0.30) 0.20 (0.05–0.79) .021 0.50 (0.08–3.39) .48
EuroQOL VAS (mm) 69.3 (22.4) 60.9 (23.9) 0.98 (0.97–0.99) .02 0.99 (0.97–1.004) .12
History of falls/ prior one year
No (n) 117 47 1 1
Yes (n) 34 16 1.17 (0.59–2.32) .65 1.24 (0.49–3.10.) .65
Experience of fragility facture
No (n) 129 53 1 1 .75
Yes (n) 22 10 1.10 (0.49–2.49) 0.81 0.84 (0.29–2.48)
Heaviness of labor
No job 11 7 1 1
Light 44 17 0.55 .29 1.11 (0.27–4.51) .88
Intermediate 76 22 0.41 .1 0.58 (0.15–2.24) .42
Heavy 20 17 1.21 .74 1.51 (0.36–6.40) .58
Smoking history
No smoking 135 53 1 1
Smoking 16 10 1.59 (0.68–3.73) .28 1.66 (0.57–4.84) .35
Alcohol history
No alcohol 121 55 1 1
Alcohol 30 8 0.59 (0.25–1.36) .21 0.31 (0.09–1.04) .06

Mean values are shown with the standard deviation in parentheses. Odds ratios were calculated using univariate and multivariate analyses. A one-unit change in the explanation variable increases the odds of having osteoporosis by a factor of the odds ratio.
CI, confidence interval