Table 3: Summary of disability (ODI) scores for all participants.

Baseline 6 months 12 months p-value1
ODI score, mean (SD)
All 61.0 (14.0) 39.1 (20.8) 40.5 (22.0) 0.009
Smokers
Non-smokers
p-value
63.5 (15.0)
57.9 (12.9)
0.38
44.7 (18.5)
32.8 (22.7)
0.26
50.8 (18.6)
28.9 (20.7)
0.054
0.14
0.02
BMI
<30
>30
p-value

62.6 (16.5)
57.9 (7.9)
0.40

46.0 (19.9)
29.1 (19.2)
0.10

41.1 (25.2)
39.7 (18.6)
0.90

0.08
0.06

1 Student’s t-test: baseline vs. 12 mos
ODI: Oswestry disability index
SD: standard deviation
BMI: body mass index