| In Vitro Studies | In Vivo Studies |
|---|---|
| Heparan sulphate, a MSC carrier, combined with electrospun PCL displayed improved in vitro growth of osteoprogenitor cells. [8] |
Peptide amphiphiles nanofibre combined with inert titanium foam to form a bioactive titanium foam. Bone formation within four weeks resulted after introduction into a rat femur. [47] |
| Collagen with an electrospun PCL is associated with significantly increased cell adhesion and growth in vitro [31] |
Collagen with an electrospun PCL is associated with significantly increased cell infiltration in vivo [35] |
| Electrospun β-TCP and HAp composite deposited greater MSC bone, both in vivo and in vitro, compared to each constituent alone. [48] |
Enhanced new bone formation in nanocrystalline HAp coated tantalum scaffolds, compared to conventional HAp coated tantalum scaffold [49] |
| Nanoscale surface modification with biphasic calcium phosphate on titanium dental implants induced early osteoblastic differentiation and bone apposition both in vitro and in vivo [23] |
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| Osteoblasts cultured in vitro on nano-topographical surfaces are associated with increased adhesion, induction of metabolic activity, and release of osteoinductive factors [28] |
Cementless implants with microtextured surfaces, rather than smooth surfaces, have greater osteoid tissue and less fibrous tissue adhesion [28] |
| Polymer/calcium phosphate nanocomposites demonstrated superior osteoblast alkaline phosphatase activity and osteoblast marker gene expression, promoting bone maturation in both in vitro and in vivo studies. [50] |
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