Table 1: Properties of bone reconstruction interventions.

Bone
Reconstruction
Intervention
Relative Properties
Biophysical Properties Risk to Patient Practicability
Osteo-
conductive
Osteo-
inductive
Osteo-
genic
Osseo- integration Structural
Framework
Additional
Morbidity
Disease Transmission Rejection Availability Cost
Cancellous autograft [17, 19, 22] +++ ++/+++ +++ +++ -/+ ++/+++ - - + ++/+++
Cortical autograft [17, 19, 22] ++/+++ ++/+++ ++/+++ +++ +++ ++/+++ - - +/++ ++/+++
Distraction osteogenesis [23-26] +/+++ ++/+++ ++/+++ N/A N/A +/++ - N/A + ++/+++
Allograft [17, 19, 22] +/+++ -/+ - ++/+++ -/+++ - + +/++ +/+++ +/+++
Xenograft [17] +/+++ + - ++/+++ -/+++ - ++ +++ ++/+++ +/++
Deminieralized bone matrix [17, 19] +/+++ ++ ++/+++ ++/+++ -/+++ - + +/++ ++/+++ +/++
Alloplasts [17, 19] +/+++ -/++ - ++/+++ -/++ - - -/+ +++ +
Polymers [27-29] ++/+++ ++/+++ ++/+++ ++/+++ +/++ - - - +/+++ +/+++
Carbon nanostructure composites [30, 40-43] ++/+++ ++/+++ ++/+++ ++/+++ ++/+++ - - - +/+++ ++/+++
Optimal intervention +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ - - - +++ +

Relative properties are subjectively graded by the authors based on the literature referenced. Grey shading in each cell highlights the shortcomings of each bone reconstruction intervention. ‘Optimal intervention’ is suggested by the literature [17, 19]. Osteoconductivity is the ability of new bone cells/colonise and spread [19]. Osteoinductivity is the ability/stimulate or promote bone formation [18, 19]. Osteogenicity is the presence of bone-forming cells within the bone graft [19, 20]. Osseointegration is the formation of bony tissue around the implant without the growth of fibrous tissue at the bone–implant interface [44]. N/A = Not applicable, - = none, / = range, + = low, ++ = moderate, +++ = high, (e.g. ++/+++ means moderate to high).