Table 2: In vitro physical methods for nanosurface modification.

In Vitro Studies
Method	Tunable surface properties	Nanoscale surface features	Outcomes	References
Plasma deposition, vapor deposition	Nanoscale surface roughness and layer depth		Enhanced osteoblast activity and calcium deposition	[59, 64, 70, 88, 89, 101, 141, 142]
Ion implantation	Depth and surface concentration of implanted chemical groups	Grafted ions such as fluorine, sodium etc	Increased osteoconduction, proliferation and induction	[61, 95, 143]
Thermal Oxidation	Nanotopography	Titanium oxide nano layers	Improved oxteoblastcell spreading, surface adhesion, proliferation and cell line differentiation	[144-149]
Titanium discs subjected to laser irradiation	Rough nano to micro surfaces	Uncharacterised nano surfaced irradation	Stimulated osteoblast differentation	[150]