RESEARCH ARTICLE


Effects of Indigo Carmine on Human Chondrocytes In Vitro



Timo Zippelius, Arnd Hoburg, Bernd Preininger, Pauline Vörös, Carsten Perka, Georg Matziolis, Eric Röhner*
Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany


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Creative Commons License
© Zippelius et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/) which permits unrestrictive use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

* Address correspondence to this author at the Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Orthopedic Department, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Tel: ++49 (0)30 450 652 463; Fax: ++49 (0)30 450 515 911; E-mail: eric.roehner@charite.de


Abstract

Joint infections following or accompanying superficious soft tissue infections are severe complication in orthopedic surgery. The use of intra-articular blue staining is a helpful method to visualize a fistula and to differentiate between superficial and intra-articular infections. Regarding this clinical implication data about the effects of indigo carmine, a frequently used blue staining substance, on cartilage is missing. The hypothesis of this study was that indigo carmine damages human chondrocytes in a time and concentration dependent manner. Human chondrocytes were isolated from donors with osteoarthritis who were treated with TKA. Cells were cultivated and treated with different concentrations of indigo carmine for 5 and 10 minutes. Morphologic damage was examined by light microscopy. Toxicity was quantified by counting vital cell number and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression. Analysis by light microscopy showed defected cell structure and loss of cell number after treatment with 100% indigo carmine for 10 minutes. Treatment with 10% and 1% indigo carmine showed no significant cell defects and loss of cells. Counting vital cell number showed loss of vital cells after treatment with 100% and 10% indigo carmine for 10 minutes. LDH expression was significantly increased after treatment with 100% indigo carmine.

Toxic effects were shown after treatment with indigo carmine. Therefore, it should be used in 1:100 dilution. This is both, sufficient for visualizing a fistula in a possible clinical application and could be protective for chondrocytes.

Keywords: Indigo carmine, human chondrocytes, toxicity.



INTRODUCTION

The use of blue staining with indigo carmine (IC) is a helpful technique in orthopedic and trauma surgery. It is used for coloring cystic lesions of knee or hip, visualization of ganglia before resection or staining of degenerative nucleus pulposus before endoscopic intervertebral nucleotomy [1-3]. Another field of application is the blue dyeing of traumatic opened bursa for coloring and saving the right area of operation. After staining the bursa can be removed completely.

We frequently apply IC to differ between superficial and intra-articular infections. Based on the result the superficial infection is either treated without opening of the joint or the underlying joint infection must be addressed by arthroscopic lavage and additional synovectomy depending on the stage of the infection [4].

It is known that intra-articular joint injections with local anesthetics combined with or without corticosteroids can induce chondrolysis. Various studies have demonstrated toxic effects of commonly used local anesthetics and steroids like bupivacaine, lidocaine, ropivacaine or triamcinolone on articular cartilge in vivo and in vitro [5-8].

To the present time effects of IC on human cells especially human chondrocytes are rarely examined and documented in current literature.

The aim of this study is to show that IC has toxic effects on human chondrocytes in vitro. We hypothesize that different concentrations of IC can significantly induce cell death after short incubation times of 5 and 10 minutes.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Tissue culture plasticware was obtained from TPP (Trasadingen, Switzerland). Culture medium, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), fetal calf serum (FCS), trypsin, penicilline and streptomycine were purchased from Biochrom (Berlin, Germany). All other reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Deisenhofen, Germany).

Chondrocyte Isolation, Culture and Treatment

Chondrocyte isolation was performed as described before [9, 10]. Cartilage was obtained from 6 human donors (4 men and 2 women) with knee osteoarthritis not presenting any kind of infectious signals (normal CrP < 5mg/l, leukocytes < 12000/µl, normal temperature < 37,5°C). Experimental protocols were approved by the local ethics committee. Cartilage was rinsed and crushed and then minced and digested in medium containing 1 mg/ml pronase (Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany) for 30 minutes at 37°C. After then, digestion medium was discarded and the tissue was digested with medium containing 1 mg/ml clostridial collagenase (Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany) at 37°C over night. Digested solution was filtered (70 µm Nylon, BD Falcon, Bedford, Germany) and centrifuged at 1200 rpm for eight minutes. The supernatant was discarded and the cell pellet was washed 3 times with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Then chondrocytes were suspended in DMEM Hams-F12 with 10% FCS, 1% penicillin/ streptomycine and cultured at 37°C, 95% air and 5% CO2. Human chondrocytes were cultured and grown on 24-well plates at a density of sub-confluence, were added with 200 µl of 1%, 10% and 100% solutions of 0.8 % indigo carmine solution (Akorn Inc., Lake Forest, IL, USA) for 5 and 10 minutes. PBS treated chondrocytes were used as negative control. Chondrocytes treated with 2% Triton X 100 were used as positive damaged control chontrocytes (as described before [9, 10]). The experiments were performed immediately.

Detection of Cell Structure

Human chondrocytes grown on 6-well plates to 80% sub-confluence were incubated with different concentrations of IC for 5 and 10 minutes. After treatment the results were interpreted with light microscopy analysis (Axiovert 40 C Light Microscope, lens 10x0.25, ocular 10x18 Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany). The view fields were then digitized by a digital camera (Canon EOS 500D, 15.1 Megapixels).

Determination of Vital Cell Number

Human chondrocytes grown on 24-well plates at a density of 2x104 cells per well, were incubated with different concentrations (1%, 10%, 100%) of IC, PBS (negative control) and Triton X 100 (positive control) for 5 and 10 minutes and were counted by using Casy Cell-Counter. After removing of solutions of IC, all cells were detached with 100 µl trypsin. The detection of living cell numbers was determined by using Casy Cell-Counter and Analyser System (Schärfe-System, Reutlingen, Germany).

Activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

LDH activity is a marker of advanced cell death. Release of LDH exposure indicates the loss of membrane plasma integrity as possible marker of increased cell necrosis at this stage. Chondrocytes monolayer were treated with different concentrations of IC solutions, PBS (negative control) and Triton X 100 (used as positive control) for 5 and 10 minutes. LDH activity in the supernatant was determined by the colorimetric measurement of the reduction of sodium pyruvate in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogene (NADH) and expressed as the percentage of total enzyme activity liberated from chondrocytes in the presence of the antiseptics.

Statistical Analysis

A nonparametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs test was used as indicated in the legends. A p value of < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

RESULTS

Human chondrocytes treated with solutions of 100% IC showed increased number of cells with defect cell structure (Fig. 1E). Chondrocytes showed loss of cell contacts after an incubation time of 10 minutes as revealed by light microscopy. There was no defective cell structure of chondrocytes when cultured with PBS (control) (Fig. 1A). The incubation with 2% Triton X100 as known mediator of necrosis revealed clear cell damage and induction of necrosis in human chondrocytes (Fig. 1B). The treatment with 10 and 1% IC showed mostly intact cell structure with not significantly loss of cell number (Fig. 1C, D).

Fig. (1).

Chondrocyte damage after exposure to IC. Chondrocytes were treated with IC and were analyzed by light microscopy. (A) Untreated control chondrocytes. (B) Chondrocytes treated with Triton X100, a known inducer of cell necrosis. (C) Chondrocytes treated with 1% IC. (D) Chondrocytes incubated with 10% IC. (E) Chondrocytes treated with 100% IC. One representative result is shown from at least three independently performed experiments.


The determination of vital cell numbers of 100% IC treated chondrocytes showed decrease of vital cells after a short incubation time of 5 minutes (100% IC vs ctr: 16000±1000 vs 19000±1000, p<0.05) and 10 minutes (100% IC vs ctr: 150000±3000 vs 19000±1000, p<0.05). Concentrations of 10 % IC reduced cell number significantly after 10 minutes (10% IC vs ctr: 15000±3000 vs 19000±1000, p<0.05, Fig. (2A, B). The treatment with 1% IC showed no significant reduction of vital cell number (Fig. 2A, B).

Fig. (2).

Determination of vital cells after 5 and 10 minutes versus negative control. (A) Significant decrease of vital chondrocytes after treatment with 100 % IC for 5 minutes. (B) Significant decrease of living cells after treatment with 10 % and 100 % IC for 10 minutes. (A, B) n=6, Mean±SEM, A nonparametric Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used as indicated in the legends. A p value of < 0.05 was considered to be significant.


LDH activity was analyzed in the supernatant of each cell culture. Compared to control, significant LDH release was noticed already after 5 and 10 minutes of treatment with 100% IC indicating beginning necrotic cell death at that stage (10minutes: 100% IC vs ctr: 67%±4% vs 55%±6% and 5 minutes: 62%±4% vs 55%±6%, p<0.05). We detected no LDH release at each time after incubation with 10 or 1% IC after 5 or 10 minutes (Fig. 3A, B).

Fig. (3).

LDH release following treatment with IC. After the indicated time points supernatants were analyzed for LDH by ELISA. (A, B) Significant increase of LDH activity after treatment with 100 % IC for 5 and 10 minutes. n=6, Mean±SEM, A nonparametric Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used as indicated in the legends. A p value of < 0.05 was considered to be significant.


DISCUSSION

The present study shows toxic effects of 100 and 10 % indigo carmine on human chondrocytes. IC increased LDH expression and reduced vital cell number after a short treatment time of 10 minutes.

IC is traditionally used as pH indicator or food colorant. In medicine IC is applied as marker dye for cystoscopy, to detect amniotic fluid leaks, for differential diagnosis between non-neoplastic and neoplastic colorectal lesions, dying sentinel lymph node or intra-operative tissue staining of invaded oral carcinoma [11-16].

In orthopedic and trauma surgery, the use of IC is limited but has presently gained increasing interests. Despite the large application of IC in general surgery, toxic effect on human tissue is rarely documented in literature.

The study group of Gül et al. could show that methylene blue (MB) and IC induce adhesions in the abdominal or pelvic cavity in comparison to autologous erythrocyte suspension. Thirty healthy female nulliparous Wistar Albino rats were included and received a 1 ml i.p. injection of 5% methylene blue solution, 5% IC solution or 5% fresh autologous erythrocyte suspension. Next to the induction of intra-abdominal and peritoneal adhesions by MB and IC, an increased activation of macrophages could be shown by MB and IC [17].

In a work of Sheynkin et al. the effects of commonly used intra-operative vasography and tissue staining agents, indigo carmine, methylene blue, and Renografin on sperm motility were evaluated. In this study Semen from 20 healthy men were mixed with undiluted and diluted of standard solutions of indigo carmine, methylene blue, and Renografin. Then sperm motility was assessed. A significant decrease of sperm motility could be demonstrated by undiluted and 2 x-diluted indigo carmine [15].

In the present work direct effects of IC on human chondrocytes were examined. We were able to show a reduction of cell number and defective cell structure after treatment with 100 % IC more than 10% or 1% IC. This could result from cell damages seen by beginning of cell necrosis [18, 19].

Detection of LDH activity showed a significant increase of LDH activity already after a short incubation time of 5 and 10 minutes with 100% IC. No LDH activity was detected after treatment with 10 and 1% IC. Increase of LDH activity after the treatment with 100% IC indicated the loss of membrane plasma integritiy as possible beginning of cell death [18,19].

In in vitro studies with human cells uncontrollable influences may play an important role such as deviation temperature, barometric pressure or contamination. Therefore, this cell model may have limitations. The use of human chondrocytes from cartilage of patients with knee osteoarthritis yields not fully intact and healthy cartilage tissue, which one would find in healthy people without osteoarthritis. The results of our study do not represent in vivo situation, as in vitro results show higher cell toxicity than in vivo examinations based on the direct chondrocyte treatment without contact to blood. Additionally IC solutions in vitro do not have to pass different barriers like chondrocytes matrix.

CONCLUSION

In summary toxic effects of 100 and 10% IC on human chondrocytes could be shown after short incubation times of five and 10 minutes. In consideration of our results and the results of studies found in literature toxic effects of IC are rarely documented and need further investigations. Therefore IC should only be applied in a dilution of 1:100 for a short time. To the present long time effects of IC are not known. To prevent possible cartilage damage an additional rinsing of IC is recommend.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Declared none.

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