Pain Model |
Organism |
Experimental Endpoints
Measured/span> |
Anti Complement Agent |
Result |
References |
Opioid Pain Relief |
Mice |
Anti-analgesic effect |
C3a |
C3a reduces the analgesic effect on mice treated with opioid pain
medication |
[27, 28] |
Sciatic Nerve Ligation |
Rat |
Mechanical Allodynia Cold Allodynia |
C5aR antagonist AcF-[OPdChaWR] |
Less mechanical and cold allodynia in mice treated with C5aR antagonist |
[38] |
C6 (-/-) rats |
Mechanical Allodynia Cold Allodynia |
NA |
Normal neuropathic pain phenotype, MAC not involved |
Sciatic Nerve Ligation |
Rat |
Mechanical hyperalgesia |
CVF |
Complement depletion reduces pain behavior |
[26] |
Sciatic Nerve Ligation |
Rat |
Thermal Hyperalgesia Mechanical Allodynia |
Soluble Complement receptor (sCR1) |
C3 deposition seen after SCL and IgG injection, accompanied by
macrophage recruitment. sCR1 Injections resulted in less TH and MA. |
[25] |
Spinal inflammatory Neuropathy Caused by Zymosan, GP120, and chronic
constriction injury |
Rat |
Mechanical Allodynia |
sCR1 |
sCR1 injection reduces mechanical allodynia. |
[23] |
Sciatic Nerve Crush |
Rat |
Macrophage infiltration and activation |
Conmplement inhibitor: Cobra Venom Factor (CVF) |
Less macrophage infiltration in CVF-treated animals. |
[20] |
Sciatic Nerve Chronic constriction injury |
Mouse |
Hyperalgesia |
CVF |
Mice given daily injections of CVF had less hyperalgesia. 1 CVF
injection 4 days after surgery greatly reduced hyperalgesia. |
[30] |
Paw Incision |
Mouse |
Incisional Allodynia and Edema |
AcF-[OPdChaWR] |
Daily injection of AcF-[OPdChaWR] reduces incisional edema and
allodynia. |
[35] |
Paw injection |
Mouse |
Heat and Mechanical Hyperalgesia |
NA |
C5a injection elicits both heat and mechanical hyperalgesia, while C3a
injection elicits only mechanical hyperalgesia |
[45] |
Paw injection |
Mouse |
Heat Hyperalgesia and Mechanical Allodynia |
PMX53 (C5aR antagonist) |
Injection of PMX53 reduces both heat hyperalgesia and mechanical
allodynia caused by injection of C5a |
[46] |
Paw Injection |
Rat |
Edema |
Vinblastine |
C5a -induced hypernociception reduced when neutraphils reduced by
vinblastin treatment. |
[43] |
Hypernociception caused by injection of zymosan, carrageenan, LPS, and
antigen. |
PMX53 |
PMX53 injection reduced hypernociception. |
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Human |
C5a |
NA |
C5a levels increased in rheumatoid joint fluids. Neutraphils increased
in synovial fluid. |
[53] |
Sickle Cell Anemia |
Human |
Pain, C3a, C3, Bb, C4d, |
NA |
Measured complement levels in patients suffering severe painful episodes
vs. base levels. Complement activation was higher during painful
episodes. |
[24] |
C5a Injection into hindpaw |
Rat |
Nociception |
Hydroxyurea |
C5a is a chemotactic peptide, and injection into hindpaw of rats induces
hyperalgesia. In addition, PML supernatant also causes hyperalgesia.
When PMLs reduced by hydroxyurea treatment, hyperalgesia reduced. |
[33] |
anti-ganglioside GD2 antibody-induced pain |
Rat |
Hindpaw allodynia |
Non complement-fixing antibody GD2 antibody |
Mice treated with mutant antibody with reduced CDC activity had faster
resolving allodynia than those injected with "normal" antibody. C6
knockout mice had reduced allodynia, while C5aR antagonist eliminated
allodynia. |
[47] |
C5a receptor knockout |
Mouse |
Pain, edema |
C5aR knockout vs. normal. |
In C5aR-/- mice, thermal nociceptive pain reduced for 4 days
post-incision, while mechanical sensitivity reduced only after 48 hrs.
C5aR-/- showed little edema, while wt mice showed normal edema. |
[37] |
Hematuria/Groin Pain |
Human |
C3b |
NA |
Patients with loin pain and Haematuria had C3b deposition on arteriolar
walls. |
[16] |
Spinal Cord Injury |
Rat |
Macrophages |
Vaccinia Virus Complement Control Protein (VCP) |
VCP injection following spinal cord injury inhibits macrophage
infiltration and improves hind limb function. |
[17] |
CFA and C5a injection |
Mice |
Threshold of pain |
PMX53, knockout mice |
Showed that pain is mediated by activation of TRPV1 ion channels. NGF is
one activator of TRPV1. |
[49] |
Inflammatory and neuropathic pain |
Mice |
Hyperalgesia |
DF2593A |
Showed injection of mice with DF2593A reduces inflammatory and
neuropathic pain |
[52] |