Effectiveness of Deep Breathing and Body Scan Meditation Combined with Music to Improve Sleep Quality and Quality of Life in Older Adults

Table 2: Comparison of the DBM and control groups on global PSQI and PSQI Components.

Outcomes	Pre-test			Post-test			p-value within group^‡
Outcomes	Mean ± SD	Median	P25^th-75^th	Mean ± SD	Median	P25^th-75^th
Global PSQI
DBM(n=30)	9.60±2.62	8	7-13	4.00±2.31	3	2-5.25	0.001**
Control (n=29)	8.45±2.26	8	6.5-10	10.38±4.85	11	7-14	0.05
p-value between groups^†	0.105			0.001^**
PSQI components: Sleep efficiency
DBM(n=30)	3.43±1.38	3	2-4.25	1.23±1.33	1	0-2	0.001^**
Control (n=29)	3.34±1.67	3	2-5	3.93±2.05	5	2-6	0.186
p-value between groups^†	0.817			0.001^^
PSQI components: Perceived sleep quality
DBM (n=30)	3.80±1.60	4	2-5	1.17±1.26	1	0-2	0.001^**
Control (n=29)	3.10±1.39	3	2-4	3.52±2.16	3	2-6	0.425
p-value between groups^†	0.113			0.001^**
PSQI components: Daily disturbance
DBM(n=30)	2.37±0.92	3	1.75-3	1.60±0.81	2	1-2	0.003^*
Control (n=29)	2.00±1.10	2	1-3	2.93±1.38	3	2-4	0.032^*
p-value between groups^†	0.132			0.001^**

^‡Z, Wilcoxon Signed rank test;^†U, Mann Whitney U-test; ^*p<0.05, ^*^*p<0.001; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, DBM = Deep breathing exercise and Body scan meditation combined with Music.