Table 1: Summary of articles on public attitude towards stuttering in Asia.

Author/year Country Methodology Result
Al-khaledi et al. [38] (2009) Kuwait Subject sample: 424 (37%RR) Arab parents at preschool and school age of 18 schools across the 6 governorates.
A survey
POSHA-E
General public is empathetic and sensitive towards PWS based on these result: -
Age: significant difference in the score which is younger, more negative opinion (M=-.72, S.D.= 1.80)
Gender: 43% male positive attitude towards PWS compared to females.
Education level: Higher education (83%) more positive than lower education.
Most parents seem aware of the disorders, their knowledge appeared to be generally limited with 33% they knew “a little” about stuttering. The overall majority had a positive attitude but held stereotypical beliefs about PWS (“fear and shy” and “should not work in the influential job”) but some inconsistency with the responses to statement.
Abdalla & Louis [47] (2012) Kuwait Subject sample:
262 in service
209 pre service
Teachers
A survey used
POSHA-S (Arabic version)
31% teachers knew PWS and were sensitive in interactions.
15% of teachers believed virus or disease could lead stuttering and showed that they misinformed about the causes of stuttering and held stereotypical views on PWS.
Some demonstrated that they were sensitive to PWS.
Knowledge- reasonable
Belief - unsubstantiated
Attitude-3/4 teacher positive
Ozdemir et al. [32] (2011a) Turkey Subject sample:
70.1% out of 150 responded
66.7% RR PROB1
74.3% RR PROB2
POSHA-S (Turkish version)
Convenience sampling
CONV vs PROB 1 PROB 2
Significant differences between convenience sampling (CONV) and either PROB1 or PROB2.
Ozdemir et al. [36] (2011b) Turkey Subject sample:
2 sets (50 each in Eskesehir, Turkey)
-children
-parent,
-grandparent/adult relatives
- neighbour
Cluster probability sampling scheme
3 stages
POSHA-S (Turkish version)
Attitudes toward stuttering, as measured by the POSHA-S, were very similar between two replicates of a school-based, representative probability sampling scheme.
Dissimilar attitude toward obesity and mental illness.
Attitudes toward stuttering were estimated less positive (negative) than attitude towards a wide range of samples (world).
St. Louis et al. [16] (2005) Brazil, Bulgaria and Turkey Subject sample:
3 group adults according place of residence & survey language variable
     - Brazil (South America)
     - Bulgaria (Eastern Europe)
Turkey (Middle East Asia)
Pilot study
Compare selected results
POSHA
Some attitudes different among respondents.
-Brazil: stuttering is regarded as a serious handicap and the public has a great deal of misinformation and confusion about stuttering.
-Bulgaria: some positive attitudes toward people with stuttering but also some misinformation about stuttering.
-Turkey: religion and culture were influential factors in public opinion about stuttering.
Weidner et al. [42] (2017) United State of America (USA) and Turkey Subject sample:
28 US + 31 non stuttering pre-schoolers
Non-exp, comparative study
POSHA-S/Child
Watch video 2 stuttering Avatar
Answer oral questions
US children had more exposure to experience with stuttering than Turkey.
Generally, negative stuttering attitudes in both countries.
Attitude both similar
positive: traits and personality
negative: stuttering children’s potential
Iimura et al. [13] (2018) Japan Subject sample:
303 respondents
156 males, 147 females
3 cities - Tokyo, Nagoya + Tsukuba
Street sampling, survey Japanese Version
(Van Borsel et al., 1999)
Half of 303 respondents heard and met stutterer, but the majority lacked (limited) general knowledge of stuttering-prevalence estimated to high and half accurately reported the age of onset.
Respondents tended to misunderstand the stuttering and their knowledge differed between age, gender, education level.
If older, females and higher education-more knowledge
- Different & similar previous study: Belgium, China + Brazil
Ip et al. [36] (2012) Hong Kong and Mainland China Subject sample:
282 out of 431 China
182 out of 230 HK
Convenience sampling
POSHA-S
Females more than males (both)
Working more than students (Mainland) compared with HK.
HK better attitude of “learning or habit”
Mainland better attitude of “act of God”.
Stuttering attitudes far more similar between HK and Mainland China.
Ming et al. [33] (2001) Shanghai, China Subject sample:
10 out of 12 district in Shanghai
1968 respondents (2 groups - below 21y/o vs 21-55y/o)
Use questionnaire by Van Borsel (1999)
On street sampling
Knowledge still limited (59% knew a stutterer; 40.3% accurate prevalence, 60.5% correctly answer age onset) although most of the respondents (85.4%) have met or heard a stutterer at one time.
98% convinced stuttering also occurs in other culture.
Older (8.4%) indicated intelligence of stutterer higher than non-stutterer while younger found it equal (87.9%).
Not hereditary (76.8%)

Note:PWS = People Who Stutter