Author/year | Country | Methodology | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Al-khaledi et al. [38] (2009) | Kuwait |
Subject sample: 424 (37%RR) Arab parents at preschool and school age of 18 schools across the 6 governorates. A survey POSHA-E |
General public is empathetic and sensitive towards PWS based on these result: - Age: significant difference in the score which is younger, more negative opinion (M=-.72, S.D.= 1.80) Gender: 43% male positive attitude towards PWS compared to females. Education level: Higher education (83%) more positive than lower education. Most parents seem aware of the disorders, their knowledge appeared to be generally limited with 33% they knew “a little” about stuttering. The overall majority had a positive attitude but held stereotypical beliefs about PWS (“fear and shy” and “should not work in the influential job”) but some inconsistency with the responses to statement. |
Abdalla & Louis [47] (2012) | Kuwait |
Subject sample: 262 in service 209 pre service Teachers A survey used POSHA-S (Arabic version) |
31% teachers knew PWS and were sensitive in interactions. 15% of teachers believed virus or disease could lead stuttering and showed that they misinformed about the causes of stuttering and held stereotypical views on PWS. Some demonstrated that they were sensitive to PWS. Knowledge- reasonable Belief - unsubstantiated Attitude-3/4 teacher positive |
Ozdemir et al. [32] (2011a) | Turkey |
Subject sample: 70.1% out of 150 responded 66.7% RR PROB1 74.3% RR PROB2 POSHA-S (Turkish version) Convenience sampling |
CONV vs PROB 1 PROB 2 Significant differences between convenience sampling (CONV) and either PROB1 or PROB2. |
Ozdemir et al. [36] (2011b) | Turkey |
Subject sample: 2 sets (50 each in Eskesehir, Turkey) -children -parent, -grandparent/adult relatives - neighbour Cluster probability sampling scheme 3 stages POSHA-S (Turkish version) |
Attitudes toward stuttering, as measured by the POSHA-S, were very similar between two replicates of a school-based, representative probability sampling scheme. Dissimilar attitude toward obesity and mental illness. Attitudes toward stuttering were estimated less positive (negative) than attitude towards a wide range of samples (world). |
St. Louis et al. [16] (2005) | Brazil, Bulgaria and Turkey |
Subject sample: 3 group adults according place of residence & survey language variable - Brazil (South America) - Bulgaria (Eastern Europe) Turkey (Middle East Asia) Pilot study Compare selected results POSHA |
Some attitudes different among respondents. -Brazil: stuttering is regarded as a serious handicap and the public has a great deal of misinformation and confusion about stuttering. -Bulgaria: some positive attitudes toward people with stuttering but also some misinformation about stuttering. -Turkey: religion and culture were influential factors in public opinion about stuttering. |
Weidner et al. [42] (2017) | United State of America (USA) and Turkey |
Subject sample: 28 US + 31 non stuttering pre-schoolers Non-exp, comparative study POSHA-S/Child Watch video 2 stuttering Avatar Answer oral questions |
US children had more exposure to experience with stuttering than Turkey. Generally, negative stuttering attitudes in both countries. Attitude both similar positive: traits and personality negative: stuttering children’s potential |
Iimura et al. [13] (2018) | Japan |
Subject sample: 303 respondents 156 males, 147 females 3 cities - Tokyo, Nagoya + Tsukuba Street sampling, survey Japanese Version (Van Borsel et al., 1999) |
Half of 303 respondents heard and met stutterer, but the majority lacked (limited) general knowledge of stuttering-prevalence estimated to high and half accurately reported the age of onset. Respondents tended to misunderstand the stuttering and their knowledge differed between age, gender, education level. If older, females and higher education-more knowledge - Different & similar previous study: Belgium, China + Brazil |
Ip et al. [36] (2012) | Hong Kong and Mainland China |
Subject sample: 282 out of 431 China 182 out of 230 HK Convenience sampling POSHA-S |
Females more than males (both) Working more than students (Mainland) compared with HK. HK better attitude of “learning or habit” Mainland better attitude of “act of God”. Stuttering attitudes far more similar between HK and Mainland China. |
Ming et al. [33] (2001) | Shanghai, China |
Subject sample: 10 out of 12 district in Shanghai 1968 respondents (2 groups - below 21y/o vs 21-55y/o) Use questionnaire by Van Borsel (1999) On street sampling |
Knowledge still limited (59% knew a stutterer; 40.3% accurate prevalence, 60.5% correctly answer age onset) although most of the respondents (85.4%) have met or heard a stutterer at one time. 98% convinced stuttering also occurs in other culture. Older (8.4%) indicated intelligence of stutterer higher than non-stutterer while younger found it equal (87.9%). Not hereditary (76.8%) |