Table 3: Factors associated with falls in elderly patients with uncontrolled diabetes by univariable analysis, logistic regression (N=136).

Factors B S.E. OR (95% CI) p-value
Elderly patient factors
Age (years) 0.14 0.05 1.15 (1.04, 1.28) 0.008*
BMI (kg/m2) 0.12 0.06 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) 0.039*
Marital status
  Married Ref.
  Single -0.81 0.57 0.45 (0.14, 1.37) 0.159
  Divorced/Widowed/Separated -0.89 0.57 0.41 (0.13, 1.24) 0.115
Duration of DM diagnosis (years) 0.60 0.13 1.82 (1.41, 2.34) <0.001*
Other underlying diseases 1.81 0.40 6.11 (2.79, 13.37) <0.001*
Other drug history besides DM drugs 1.50 0.38 4.46 (2.14, 9.31) <0.001*
Exercise
  ≥ 3 times per week Ref.
  < 3 times per week 1.21 0.60 3.37 (1.03, 10.97) 0.044*
  None 2.52 0.63 12.38 (3.59, 42.70) <0.001*
Sleep problems
  None Ref.
  Slightly 0.92 0.43 2.50 (1.07, 5.82) 0.033*
  Moderate 3.24 0.83 25.50 (4.99, 130.23) <0.001*
Balance problems 2.82 0.44 16.81 (7.15, 39.52) <0.001*
Incontinence/constipation problems 3.23 1.05 25.39 (3.26,197.97) 0.002*
Use of progressive lenses 1.77 0.41 5.88 (2.66, 13.01) <0.001*
Wears slippers at home 0.79 0.35 2.20 (1.10, 4.37) 0.025*
Environmental factors
Home design 0.76 0.35 2.13 (1.07, 4.24) 0.031*
Type of floors 0.92 0.43 2.50 (1.08, 5.75) 0.032*
Poor lighting in the bedroom 1.03 0.50 2.79 (1.05, 7.44) 0.040*
Risk factors in the kitchen 1.02 0.38 2.76 (1.32, 5.77) 0.007*
Risk factors on the floor 1.27 0.42 3.55 (1.56, 8.06) 0.003*
Time Up & Go Test (sec) 1.16 0.18 3.18 (2.23, 4.55) <0.001*
Informal caregiver’s factors
Relationship to the elderly patient
  Spouse Ref.
  Son -0.15 0.59 0.86 (0.27, 2.72) 0.794
  Daughter -0.41 0.93 0.67 (0.11, 4.16) 0.664
  Brother or sister -1.50 0.81 0.22 (0.05, 1.08) 0.062
Age (years) 0.03 0.02 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) 0.091
Education -1.72 0.59 0.18 (0.06, 0.57) 0.004*
Currently working -0.85 0.44 0.43 (0.18, 1.02) 0.056
Health care provider -1.69 0.66 0.18 (0.51, 0.67) 0.010*
Caregiver’s awareness (scores) -0.22 0.03 0.80 (0.76, 0.86) <0.001*

Abbreviations: B = regression coefficient, S.E. = standard error, OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, Ref. = reference group.
Note: Variables: other underlying diseases (no = 0, yes = 1); drug history besides DM drugs (no = 0, yes = 1); balance problems (no = 0, yes = 1); incontinence problems (no = 0, yes = 1); use of progressive lenses (no = 0, yes = 1); wears slippers at home (no = 0, yes = 1); home design (one-story house = 0, two-story house = 1); type of floor (wood = 0, tile = 1); poor lighting in the bedroom (no = 0, yes = 1); risk factors in the kitchen (no = 0, yes = 1); risk factors on the floor (no = 0, yes = 1); education (senior high/diploma = 0, bachelor = 1); currently working (no = 0, yes = 1); health care provider (no = 0, yes = 1); age (years), BMI (kg/m2), duration of DM diagnosis (years), Time Up & Go Test, and caregiver’s awareness = continuous data.
*Significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).