Table 2: Association between Sociodemographic characteristics and impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological responses (n = 336).

Variables	N (%)	PTSD (IES-R)			Stress (DASS)			Anxiety (DASS)			Depression (DASS)
		Yes	No	p	Yes	No	p	Yes	No	p	Yes	No	p
Sex
Female	232 (69.0%)	82 (35.3%)	150 (64.7%)	0.009	90 (38.8%)	142 (61.2%)	0.003	93 (40.1%)	139 (59.9%)	0.001	105 (45.3%)	127 (54.7%)	0.245
Male	104 (31.0%)	22 (21.2%)	82 (78.8%)		23 (22.1%)	81 (77.9%)		23 (22.1%)	81 (77.9%)		40 (38.5%)	64 (61.5%)
Age
18-30 years	328 (97.6%)	100 (30.5%)	228 (69.5%)	0.259*	109 (33.2%)	219 (66.8%)	0.450*	112 (34.1%)	216 (65.9%)	0.455*	141 (43.0%)	187 (57.0%)	0.730*
31-40 years	8 (2.4%)	4 (50.0%)	4 (50.0%)		4 (50.0%)	4 (50.0%)		4 (50.0%)	4 (50.0%)		4 (50.0%)	4 (50.0%)
Educational level
Primary school	3 (0.9%)	0 (0.0%)	3 (100.0%)	0.411*	0 (0.0%)	3 (100.0%)	0.302*	0 (0.0%)	3 (100.0%)	0.903*	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	0.305*
Middle school	4 (1.2%)	0 (0.0%)	4 (100.0%)		0 (0.0%)	4 (100.0%)		1 (25.0%)	3 (75.0%)		0 (0.0%)	4 (100.0%)
High school	90 (26.8%)	25 (27.8%)	65 (72.2%)		29 (32.2%)	61 (67.8%)		33 (36.7%)	57 (63.3%)		44 (48.9%)	46 (51.1%)
Diploma	4 (1.2%)	0 (0.0%)	4 (100.0%)		1 (25.0%)	3 (75.0%)		1 (25.0%)	3 (75.0%)		1 (25.0%)	3 (75.0%)
Bachelor	228 (67.9%)	78 (34.2%)	150 (65.8%)		82 (36.0%)	146 (64.0%)		80 (35.1%)	148 (64.9%)		98 (43.0%)	130 (57.0%)
Master	6 (1.8%)	1 (16.7%)	5 (83.3%)		1 (16.7%)	5 (83.3%)		1 (16.7%)	5 (83.3%)		1 (16.7%)	5 (83.3%)
PhD	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)		0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)		0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)		0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)
Marital status
Single	315 (93.8%)	98 (31.1%)	217 (68.9%)	0.395*	108 (34.3%)	207 (65.7%)	0.135*	107 (34.0%)	208 (66.0%)	0.365*	139 (44.1%)	176 (55.9%)	0.081*
Married	20 (6.0%)	5 (25.0%)	15 (75.0%)		4 (20.0%)	16 (80.0%)		8 (40.0%)	12 (60.0%)		5 (25.0%)	15 (75.0%)
Widowed	1 (0.3%)	1 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)		1 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)		1 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)		1 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Number of children
4-6	3 (14.3%)	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	0.443*	0 (0.0%)	3 (100.0%)	0.384*	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	0.850*	0 (0.0%)	3 (100.0%)	0.130*
1-3 children	10 (47.6%)	4 (40.0%)	6 (60.0%)		4 (40.0%)	6 (60.0%)		5 (50.0%)	5 (50.0%)		5 (50.0%)	5 (50.0%)
No child	8 (38.1%)	1 (12.5%)	7 (87.5%)		1 (12.5%)	7 (87.5%)		3 (37.5%)	5 (62.5%)		1 (12.5%)	7 (87.5%)
Location of residence
Asir	3 (0.9%)	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	0.036*	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	0.011*	0 (0.0%)	3 (100.0%)	0.021*	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	0.236*
Eastern Province	28 (8.3%)	9 (32.1%)	19 (67.9%)		13 (46.4%)	15 (53.6%)		12 (42.9%)	16 (57.1%)		13 (46.4%)	15 (53.6%)
Ha'il	5 (1.5%)	2 (40.0%)	3 (60.0%)		1 (20.0%)	4 (80.0%)		2 (40.0%)	3 (60.0%)		2 (40.0%)	3 (60.0%)
Jawf	2 (0.6%)	1 (50.0%)	1 (50.0%)		1 (50.0%)	1 (50.0%)		1 (50.0%)	1 (50.0%)		1 (50.0%)	1 (50.0%)
Jizan	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)		0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)		0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)		0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)
Madinah	5 (1.5%)	2 (40.0%)	3 (60.0%)		3 (60.0%)	2 (40.0%)		2 (40.0%)	3 (60.0%)		3 (60.0%)	2 (40.0%)
Makkah	55 (16.4%)	25 (45.5%)	30 (54.5%)		24 (43.6%)	31 (56.4%)		27 (49.1%)	28 (50.9%)		26 (47.3%)	29 (52.7%)
Northern Borders	1 (0.3%)	1 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)		0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)		0 (0.0%)	1 (100.0%)		1 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Qassim	149 (44.3%)	33 (22.1%)	116 (77.9%)		37 (24.8%)	112 (75.2%)		38 (25.5%)	111 (74.5%)		52 (34.9%)	97 (65.1%)
Riyadh	78 (23.2%)	25 (32.1%)	53 (67.9%)		26 (33.3%)	52 (66.7%)		28 (35.9%)	50 (64.1%)		40 (51.3%)	38 (48.7%)
Tabuk	2 (0.6%)	1 (50.0%)	1 (50.0%)		2 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)		2 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)		2 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)
More than one region	7 (2.1%)	4 (57.1%)	3 (42.9%)		5 (71.4%)	2 (28.6%)		4 (57.1%)	3 (42.9%)		4 (57.1%)	3 (42.9%)
Work in the medical field
Yes	73 (21.7%)	22 (30.1%)	51 (69.9%)	0.865	30 (41.1%)	43 (58.9%)	0.127	23 (31.5%)	50 (68.5%)	0.540	29 (39.7%)	44 (60.3%)	0.504
No	263 (78.3%)	82 (31.2%)	181 (68.8%)		83 (31.6%)	180 (68.4%)		93 (35.4%)	170 (64.6%)		116 (44.1%)	147 (55.9%)
Family member works in the medical field
Yes	107 (31.8%)	33 (30.8%)	74 (69.2%)	0.976	43 (40.2%)	64 (59.8%)	0.082	43 (40.2%)	64 (59.8%)	0.136	57 (53.3%)	50 (46.7%)	0.010
No	229 (68.2%)	71 (31.0%)	158 (69.0%)		70 (30.6%)	159 (69.4%)		73 (31.9%)	156 (68.1%)		88 (38.4%)	141 (61.6%)
Family monthly income
<5,000 SAR	27 (8.0%)	10 (37.0%)	17 (63.0%)	0.034	10 (37.0%)	17 (63.0%)	0.466	13 (48.1%)	14 (51.9%)	0.121	10 (37.0%)	17 (63.0%)	0.249
5,000-9,999 SAR	62 (18.5%)	22 (35.5%)	40 (64.5%)		21 (33.9%)	41 (66.1%)		26 (41.9%)	36 (58.1%)		27 (43.5%)	35 (56.5%)
10,000-14,999 SAR	57 (17.0%)	13 (22.8%)	44 (77.2%)		17 (29.8%)	40 (70.2%)		16 (28.1%)	41 (71.9%)		23 (40.4%)	34 (59.6%)
15,000-19,999 SAR	64 (19.0%)	29 (45.3%)	35 (54.7%)		28 (43.8%)	36 (56.3%)		23 (35.9%)	41 (64.1%)		36 (56.3%)	28 (43.8%)
20,000-24,999 SAR	44 (13.1%)	10 (22.7%)	34 (77.3%)		12 (27.3%)	32 (72.7%)		9 (20.5%)	35 (79.5%)		15 (34.1%)	29 (65.9%)
>25,000 SAR	82 (24.4%)	20 (24.4%)	62 (75.6%)		25 (30.5%)	57 (69.5%)		29 (35.4%)	53 (64.6%)		34 (41.5%)	48 (58.5%)
Housing type
Apartment	56 (16.7%)	25 (44.6%)	31 (55.4%)	0.036	25 (44.6%)	31 (55.4%)	0.153	26 (46.4%)	30 (53.6%)	0.119	27 (48.2%)	29 (51.8%)	0.696
Villa	229 (68.2%)	62 (27.1%)	167 (72.9%)		71 (31.0%)	158 (69.0%)		73 (31.9%)	156 (68.1%)		97 (42.4%)	132 (57.6%)
Floor in a villa	51 (15.2%)	17 (33.3%)	34 (66.7%)		17 (33.3%)	34 (66.7%)		17 (33.3%)	34 (66.7%)		21 (41.2%)	30 (58.8%)
Number of individuals residing in the household
6 or more people	244 (72.6%)	70 (28.7%)	174 (71.3%)	0.343	81 (33.2%)	163 (66.8%)	0.445	80 (32.8%)	164 (67.2%)	0.540	104 (42.6%)	140 (57.4%)	0.444
3-5 people	81 (24.1%)	30 (37.0%)	51 (63.0%)		30 (37.0%)	51 (63.0%)		32 (39.5%)	49 (60.5%)		38 (46.9%)	43 (53.1%)
2 people	11 (3.3%)	4 (36.4%)	7 (63.6%)		2 (18.2%)	9 (81.8%)		4 (36.4%)	7 (63.6%)		3 (27.3%)	8 (72.7%)