Table 4: Association between health service use variables and the psychological impact/adverse mental health status of COVID-19 (n = 336).

Variables	N (%)	PTSD (IES-R)			Stress (DASS)			Anxiety (DASS)			Depression (DASS)
		Yes	No	p	Yes	No	p	Yes	No	p	Yes	No	p
Visited a hospital in the past 14 days
Yes	46 (13.7%)	19 (41.3%)	27 (58.7%)	0.102	21 (45.7%)	25 (54.3%)	0.063	24 (52.2%)	22 (47.8%)	0.007	25 (54.3%)	21 (45.7%)	0.099
No	290 (86.3%)	85 (29.3%)	205 (70.7%)		92 (31.7%)	198 (68.3%)		92 (31.7%)	198 (68.3%)		120 (41.4%)	170 (58.6%)
Admitted to a hospital within the last 14 days
Yes	2 (0.6%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (100.0%)	0.855*	0 (0.0%)	2 (100.0%)	0.552*	0 (0.0%)	2 (100.0%)	0.547*	0 (0.0%)	2 (100.0%)	0.508*
No	334 (99.4%)	104 (31.1%)	230 (68.9%)		113 (33.8%)	221 (66.2%)		116 (34.7%)	218 (65.3%)		145 (43.4%)	189 (56.6%)
Tested for COVID in the past 14 days
Yes	8 (2.4%)	4 (50.0%)	4 (50.0%)	0.259*	3 (37.5%)	5 (62.5%)	0.815*	4 (50.0%)	4 (50.0%)	0.455*	3 (37.5%)	5 (62.5%)	0.744*
No	328 (97.6%)	100 (30.5%)	228 (69.5%)		110 (33.5%)	218 (66.5%)		112 (34.1%)	216 (65.9%)		142 (43.3%)	186 (56.7%)
Quarantined on suspicion of COVID in the past 14 days
Yes	4 (1.2%)	2 (50.0%)	2 (50.0%)	0.590*	1 (25.0%)	3 (75.0%)	0.713*	3 (75.0%)	1 (25.0%)	0.121*	1 (25.0%)	3 (75.0%)	0.637*
No	332 (98.8%)	102 (30.7%)	230 (69.3%)		112 (33.7%)	220 (66.3%)		113 (34.0%)	219 (66.0%)		144 (43.4%)	188 (56.6%)
Relative diagnosed with the emerging coronavirus
Yes	6 (1.8%)	3 (50.0%)	3 (50.0%)	0.378*	2 (33.3%)	4 (66.7%)	0.988*	3 (50.0%)	3 (50.0%)	0.419*	3 (50.0%)	3 (50.0%)	0.733*
No	330 (98.2%)	101 (30.6%)	229 (69.4%)		111 (33.6%)	219 (66.4%)		113 (34.2%)	217 (65.8%)		142 (43.0%)	188 (57.0%)
Diagnosed with COVID
No	336 (100.0%)	104 (31.0%)	232 (69.0%)	NA	113 (33.6%)	223 (66.4%)	NA	116 (34.5%)	220 (65.5%)	NA	145 (43.2%)	191 (56.8%)	NA
Chances of recovering if diagnosed with COVID-19
Not likely	3 (0.9%)	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	0.025*	1 (33.3%)	2 (66.7%)	0.031*	2 (66.7%)	1 (33.3%)	0.002*	2 (66.7%)	1 (33.3%)	0.007*
Slightly	13 (3.9%)	8 (61.5%)	5 (38.5%)		9 (69.2%)	4 (30.8%)		9 (69.2%)	4 (30.8%)		11 (84.6%)	2 (15.4%)
Moderately	73 (21.7%)	26 (35.6%)	47 (64.4%)		29 (39.7%)	44 (60.3%)		30 (41.1%)	43 (58.9%)		36 (49.3%)	37 (50.7%)
Very likely	124 (36.9%)	41 (33.1%)	83 (66.9%)		35 (28.2%)	89 (71.8%)		30 (24.2%)	94 (75.8%)		51 (41.1%)	73 (58.9%)
Extremely likely	123 (36.6%)	28 (22.8%)	95 (77.2%)		39 (31.7%)	84 (68.3%)		45 (36.6%)	78 (63.4%)		45 (36.6%)	78 (63.4%)
Perceived likelihood of infection with COVID
Extremely likely	17 (5.1%)	6 (35.3%)	11 (64.7%)	0.021	9 (52.9%)	8 (47.1%)	0.008	5 (29.4%)	12 (70.6%)	0.150	11 (64.7%)	6 (35.3%)	0.007
Very likely	18 (5.4%)	7 (38.9%)	11 (61.1%)		9 (50.0%)	9 (50.0%)		8 (44.4%)	10 (55.6%)		14 (77.8%)	4 (22.2%)
Moderately	86 (25.6%)	36 (41.9%)	50 (58.1%)		37 (43.0%)	49 (57.0%)		37 (43.0%)	49 (57.0%)		37 (43.0%)	49 (57.0%)
Slightly	90 (26.8%)	29 (32.2%)	61 (67.8%)		28 (31.1%)	62 (68.9%)		32 (35.6%)	58 (64.4%)		37 (41.1%)	53 (58.9%)
Not likely	125 (37.2%)	26 (20.8%)	99 (79.2%)		30 (24.0%)	95 (76.0%)		34 (27.2%)	91 (72.8%)		46 (36.8%)	79 (63.2%)
Opinion about COVID-concerns
Strongly disagree	215 (64.0%)	75 (34.9%)	140 (65.1%)	0.169	83 (38.6%)	132 (61.4%)	0.021	80 (37.2%)	135 (62.8%)	0.328	99 (46.0%)	116 (54.0%)	0.483
Disagree	46 (13.7%)	12 (26.1%)	34 (73.9%)		14 (30.4%)	32 (69.6%)		10 (21.7%)	36 (78.3%)		16 (34.8%)	30 (65.2%)
Undecided	41 (12.2%)	11 (26.8%)	30 (73.2%)		10 (24.4%)	31 (75.6%)		14 (34.1%)	27 (65.9%)		18 (43.9%)	23 (56.1%)
Agree	14 (4.2%)	1 (7.1%)	13 (92.9%)		5 (35.7%)	9 (64.3%)		6 (42.9%)	8 (57.1%)		6 (42.9%)	8 (57.1%)
Strongly agree	20 (6.0%)	5 (25.0%)	15 (75.0%)		1 (5.0%)	19 (95.0%)		6 (30.0%)	14 (70.0%)		6 (30.0%)	14 (70.0%)