Table 5: Association between COVID symptoms/contact history and the psychological impact/adverse mental health status of COVID-19 (n = 336).

Variables N (%) PTSD (IES-R) Stress (DASS) Anxiety (DASS) Depression (DASS)
Yes No p Yes No p Yes No p Yes No p
Symptoms of COVID
  Yes 41 (12.2%) 13 (31.7%) 28 (68.3%) 0.911 18 (43.9%) 23 (56.1%) 0.137 25 (61.0%) 16 (39.0%) 0.000 22 (53.7%) 19 (46.3%) 0.147
  No 295 (87.8%) 91 (30.8%) 204 (69.2%) 95 (32.2%) 200 (67.8%) 91 (30.8%) 204 (69.2%) 123 (41.7%) 172 (58.3%)
Indirect contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19
  No 336 (100.0%) 104 (31.0%) 232 (69.0%) NA 113 (33.6%) 223 (66.4%) NA 116 (34.5%) 220 (65.5%) NA 145 (43.2%) 191 (56.8%) NA
Direct contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19
  No 336 (100.0%) 104 (31.0%) 232 (69.0%) NA 113 (33.6%) 223 (66.4%) NA 116 (34.5%) 220 (65.5%) NA 145 (43.2%) 191 (56.8%) NA
Direct contact with someone suspected to have COVID-19
  Yes 7 (2.1%) 2 (28.6%) 5 (71.4%) 0.890* 3 (42.9%) 4 (57.1%) 0.691* 4 (57.1%) 3 (42.9%) 0.240* 4 (57.1%) 3 (42.9%) 0.470*
  No 329 (97.9%) 102 (31.0%) 227 (69.0%) 110 (33.4%) 219 (66.6%) 112 (34.0%) 217 (66.0%) 141 (42.9%) 188 (57.1%)
Contact with surfaces and tools infected with COVID-19
  Yes 1 (0.3%) 1 (100.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0.310* 0 (0.0%) 1 (100.0%) 0.476* 1 (100.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0.345* 1 (100.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0.432*
  No 335 (99.7%) 103 (30.7%) 232 (69.3%) 113 (33.7%) 222 (66.3%) 115 (34.3%) 220 (65.7%) 144 (43.0%) 191 (57.0%)
Nothing happened
  Yes 275 (81.8%) 82 (29.8%) 193 (70.2%) 0.340 86 (31.3%) 189 (68.7%) 0.052 90 (32.7%) 185 (67.3%) 0.141 112 (40.7%) 163 (59.3%) 0.056
  No 61 (18.2%) 22 (36.1%) 39 (63.9%) 27 (44.3%) 34 (55.7%) 26 (42.6%) 35 (57.4%) 33 (54.1%) 28 (45.9%)
I don’tknow
  Yes 88 (26.2%) 32 (36.4%) 56 (63.6%) 0.201 40 (45.5%) 48 (54.5%) 0.006 41 (46.6%) 47 (53.4%) 0.006 48 (54.5%) 40 (45.5%) 0.012
  No 248 (73.8%) 72 (29.0%) 176 (71.0%) 73 (29.4%) 175 (70.6%) 75 (30.2%) 173 (69.8%) 97 (39.1%) 151 (60.9%)

Bolded p-values are significant at p<0.05; *Fischer’s exact testIES-R: Revised Impact of Event Scale (IES-R);DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21