Table 1: The classification of the Portuguese health system in the last 30 years.

Year Author Classification
1987 OECD1 Beveridge model
1997 WHO2 Mixed system in transition from insurance-financed to tax-financed system
1998 European Parliament3 Public taxation and direct payments
2000 Moran4 Insecure command and control state
2003 OECD5 Public integrated model
2007 Busse et al.6 Tax financed system with high private share
2009 Thompson et al.7 Tax financed model
2009 Wendt8 Low budget restricted access
2010 Reibling9 Mixed regulation states
2010 Jourmard et al.10 Mostly public provision and public regulation, with gate-keeping and limited choice of providers, under strict budget constraint (special case of Portugal)
2012 EU11 Centralized but structured at the territorial level

1[74] OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
2 [75] WHO – World Health Organization.
3 [76] Jakubowski E, Busse R.
4 [77] Moran M.
5 [78] Docteur E, Oxley H.
6 [79] Busse R, Jonas S, Christian G.
7 [80] Thompson S, Foubister T, Mossialos E.
8 [7] INE.
9 [8] Wendt C.
10 [9] Reibling N.
11 [10] EU – European Union.