Gene |
Cell |
Samples |
Methylation levels |
Gene expression |
Strategies for DNA methylation analysis |
Ref. |
ECM |
COL2A1 |
Human chondrocytes |
AC of the knee with no abnormalities |
L |
↓ |
Restriction enzyme-based method and DNA bisulfite sequencing |
[18] |
MSC on chondrogenesis |
|
L |
↑ |
|
|
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
↑ |
Bisulfite pyrosequencing |
[19] |
COL9A1 |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
H |
↓ |
Bisulfite pyrosequencing |
[19] |
COL10A1 |
Human chondrocytes |
No cartilage abnormalities |
H |
↓ |
Restriction enzyme-based method and DNA bisulfite sequencing |
[18] |
MSC on chondrogenesis |
|
L |
↑ |
|
|
ACAN |
OA chondrocytes |
Not specified |
L |
- |
|
[20] |
Proteases |
MMP3 |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
- |
Restriction enzyme-based method |
[21] |
MMP9 |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
- |
Restriction enzyme-based method |
[21] |
MMP13 |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
- |
Restriction enzyme-based method |
[21] |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
↑ |
Bisulfite pyrosequencing |
[22] |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
↑ |
Bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing |
[23] |
ADAMTS4 |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
- |
Restriction enzyme-based method |
[21] |
|
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
↑ |
Restriction enzyme-based method |
[24] |
Inflammation |
IL1B |
Human chondrocytesa
|
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
↑ |
Restriction enzyme-based method |
[25] |
|
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
↑ |
Bisulfite pyrosequencing |
[22] |
IL8 |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
↑ |
Bisulfite pyrosequencing |
[27] |
SOCS2 |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
↓ |
Bisulfite pyrosequencing |
[29] |
LEP |
Min OA and normal chondrocytes |
THR and TKR vs. Normal chondrocytes |
H |
↓ |
DNA bisulfite sequencing |
[31] |
|
Max OA chondrocytes |
|
L |
↑ |
|
|
ROS-related |
SOD2 |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
H |
↓ |
DNA bisulfite sequencing |
[33] |
iNOS |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
L |
↑ |
Bisulfite sequencing or pyrosequencing. |
[34] |
Chondrogenesis |
SOX9 |
MSC on chondrogenesis |
Synovium–derived MSC |
L |
↑ |
DNA bisulfite sequencing |
[39] |
OA chondrocytes |
THR vs. #NOF |
H |
↓ |
Methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing |
[40] |
SOX4 |
|
Synovium-derived MSC |
L |
↓ |
DNA bisulfite sequencing |
[39] |
RUNX2 |
MSC on chondrogenesis |
Synovium-derived MSC |
L |
↑ |
DNA bisulfite sequencing |
[39] |
Growth factors |
BMP7 |
Human aged chondrocytes |
Knee tissue donors |
H |
↓ |
Methylation specific PCR |
[42] |
SOST |
OA chondrocytes |
TKR vs. Knee fracture |
L |
↑ |
Methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing |
[45] |
GDF5 |
Human chondrocytes |
CH8 cell line |
L |
↑ |
Bisulfite pyrosequencing |
[49] |
Other |
p21WAF1/CIP1 |
OA chondrocytes |
TKR vs. Normal human femoral condyles |
L |
↓ |
DNA bisulfite sequencing |
[51] |
DIO2 |
OA chondrocytes |
THR/TKR vs. Preserved chondrocytes |
H |
↑ |
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry |
[55] |
L: Low; H: High; ECM: Extracellular Matrix; AC: Articular Cartilage; MSC: Mesenchymal Stem Cells; THR: Total Hip Replacement; TKR: Total Knee Replacement; #NOF: Fracture of the Neck Of Femur; aExposed to IL-1β and TNF-α; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species.