Sample (n) | CpG sites analyzed | DML | Gene Ontology Analysis a | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Hyper-methylated | Hypo-methylated | ||||
THR and Osteoporotic hip (26 vs. 27) |
> 27,000 | 241 | 217 | 24 | Homeobox superfamily of TF (HOXA9, IRX2, MSX2) and genes of cell differentiation | [59] |
TKR and Healthy controls b (25 vs. 20) |
> 27,000 | 91 | 54 | 37 | Inflammation and Regulation of transcriptional activity-related genes and RUNX1 and MSX1 genes | [60] |
THR, TKR and #NOF (23/73 vs 21) |
>485,000 | [61] | ||||
THR vs. #NOF | 5,322 | 2,669 | 2,653 | Degradation of ECM, anabolic/catabolic pathway of cartilage homeostasis, TGF-β pathway | ||
THR Cluster1 vs. Cluster2c | 15,239 | 8,524 | 6,915 | Inflammation, Cartilage degradation, and TGF-β pathways | ||
TKR Cluster1 vs. Cluster2c | 5,769 | 3,000 | 2,769 | Immune response | ||
THR vs. TKR | 5,547 | 2,598 | 2,949 | Genes involved in OA pathogenesis (ADAM12, ADAMTS5, GDF5) | ||
THR (24) |
[62] | |||||
OA vs. Intact cartilage | >485,000 | 550 | 172 | 378 | TGF-β pathway genes and RUNX1 and FURIN | |
TKR (15) |
~244,000 | 1,214 | 1,070 | 144 | TGF-β and WNT pathways | [63] |
Severe OA vs. Mild OA d | Hypermethylation of genes related with TGF-β (BMP2, BMP4, MAPK3, SMAD) | |||||
TKR vs. THR | 6,272 | Developmental pathways (limb development and skeletal system morphogenesis) | [64] | |||
Damaged vs. Undamaged cartilage (14 vs. 17) |
Homeobox (HOX) cluster | |||||
TKR, THR, and controls (5, 6, and 7) |
>485,000 | Skeletal and embryonic organ system development and Homeobox (HOX) | [65] | |||
TKR vs. Controls | 72 | |||||
THR vs. Controls | 26 | |||||
TKR/THR vs. Controls | 103 | |||||
THR vs. TKR | 67 | |||||
After removing overlaps | 239 | 112 | 127 | |||
TKR vs. Ligament reconstruction (4 vs. 4) |
70,591e | 44,288f | 26,303g | Increased DhMR in Wnt-signalling and bone-remodeling pathways | [66] | |
Loss of DhMR in cell adhesion, skeletal muscle development | ||||||
Gene expression change in MMpP3, MMP13 and inflammation-related genes |