Fig. (1) Model of TLRpathways how regulate TGFb signaling. Activation of TLR9, TLR3, RIG-I and TLR4 pathways induce TGFb production possibly through p38 MAPK and NF-κB activation. TGFb1 autocrine/paracrine loop activates Smad2/3, TLRs also induce the IFN-β autocrine/paracrine loop, activating Stat1 and inducing Smad7. Smad7 inhibits activation of TGFβ signaling. TβRI/II: TGFβRecptorI/II, IFNAR: Type I Interferon Receptor.