Table 4: Odds ratios for FEV1/FVC ratio and COPD symptoms in smokers and ethnic differences in the United States.

Outcomes Unadjusted analysis Adjusted analysis †
Odds Ratio 95% C.I. p-value Odds Ratio 95% C.I. p-value
COPD (by GOLD) 4.626 3.284-6.517 0.000 4.096 2.808-5.974 0.000
COPD (Clinical) 1.661 1.232-2.240 0.001 1.057 0.756-1.477 0.747
Cough 1.294 0.956-1.753 0.095 1.176 0.850-1.627 0.327
Dyspnea 1.653 1.147-2.382 0.007 1.355 0.914-2.007 0.130

†Adjusted for age, sex, and BMI
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; CI: confidence interval;