| Achievement or Performance Area | Author (year) | MT instrument(s) | MT instrument and use | Achievement or Performance Measure | Data analyses | Result(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achievement level | Newland et al. (2013) | PPI-A | Total MT | Starting status (starter = starting ≥ 50% of games, non-starter = starting < 50% of games) | 2 (sex) by 2 (starting status) ANOVA for MT | • No main effect for starting status (p = .89) |
| Cowden et al. (2014) | Modified SMTQ (item 1 removed) | Total MT | Team rank – average playing position over past 5 matches (lower ranking superior) | Pearson correlations for coach and athlete MT ratings | • ↑ MT associated with better ranking for coach-rated MT (r = -.65, p < .01), but not athlete-rated MT (r = .06, p < .05) | |
| Cowden (2016) | Mental Toughness Inventory | Total MT | Ranking (lower rankings superior) | Spearman correlation | • ↑ MT associated with better ranking (r = -.29, p < .05) | |
| Competitive performance | Drees & Mack (2012) | MeBTough | Total MT | (a) Season win/loss % (b) Season performance record – winning record (N = 38), losing record (n = 16) |
(a) Pearson correlation (b) Independent samples t-test |
(a) ↑ post-season MT associated with higher winning % (r = .27, p < .05) (b) ↑ post-season MT among winning record wrestlers (p < .05) |
| Cowden (2016) | Mental Toughness Inventory | Total MT | (a) Match outcome (Loss = 0, Win = 1) (b) Competitive performance indices (see Cowden 2016 for calculation details) |
(a) Point-biserial correlation (b) Pearson correlations |
(a) ↑ MT associated with greater likelihood of winning (r = .52, p < .01) (b) ↑ MT associated with winning a greater % of 3 or more consecutive points per game (r = .39, p < .01), a better ratio of break points won per game (r = .39, p <.01), a better ratio of break point chances as receiver versus server (r = .36, p < .01), a higher % of points won on even (equal) serve (r = .36, p <.01) and return score (r = .28, p <.05), a higher % of serve points won when ahead (r = .27, p <.05), a higher % of return points won when behind (r = .31, p <.05), and a higher % of critical serve points won (r = .29, p <.05). Remaining 10 competitive performance-MT correlations were not significant (p > .05) |
|
| Kuan & Roy (2007) | PPI | Total MT and subscales (i.e., Self-confidence, Negative energy control, Attention control, Visualization and imagery control, Motivation, Positive energy, Attitude control) | Medal status (medallist versus non-medallist) | Independent samples t-tests | • ↑ MT among medallists on self-confidence (p = .001) and negative energy control (p = .042) | |
| Mahoney et al. (2014) | Mental Toughness Index | Total MT | Standardized race times (lower times superior) | Pearson correlation | • ↑ MT associated with better race times (r = -.21, p < .01) | |
| Madrigal et al. (2013) | MTS and MeBTough | Total MT | Season free throw % (n = 44) | Pearson correlations | • MTS and MeBTough scores unrelated to season free throw % (r = -.08, p > .05) | |
| Newland et al. (2013) | PPI-A | Total MT | Basketball performance = Field goal % (Total points in game + Rebounds + Assists + Steals) – Personal fouls – Turnovers + 10 | (a) Pearson correlation (b) Due to sex MT differences (ANOVA), separate hierarchical moderated regression analyses (IVs = MT, starting status, interaction) to predict performance |
(a) MT unrelated to basketball performance (r = .12, p = .09) (b) • Males: ↑ basketball performance among starters (r = .51, p < .05) and those with higher MT (r = -.03, p < .05). Starters with higher levels of MT (interaction) tended to perform better (r = .36, p < .05) • Females: ↑ basketball performance among starters (r = .58, p < .05) only |
|
| Hagag & Ali (2014) | PPI | Total MT and subscales (i.e., Self-confidence, Negative energy control, Attention control, Visualization and imagery control, Motivation, Positive energy, Attitude control) | Medal status (medallist versus non-medallist) | Independent samples t-tests | • ↑ total MT, self-confidence, visualization and imagery control, and positive energy control among medallists (p < .05) | |
| Non-competitive performance | Gucciardi et al. (2016) | Semantic differential MT scale | Total MT | 20 meter multistage shuttle run test [MST] (lower time superior) | Bayesian structural equation modelling to predict MST (longer distances superior) | ↑ MT associated with better MST performance (r = .24, 95% CI = .14 to .34), when controlling for age, football playing experience, height, and body mass |