Table 2: Means and standard deviations of putting kinematics for professional, elite and amateur female golfers.
| Parameters |
Professional |
ES1&2 |
Elite |
ES2&3 |
Amateur |
ES1&3 |
| Face angle at address (°) |
0.23±1.06 |
.001 |
0.24±1.21 |
.339 |
-0.27±1.77 |
.362 |
| Face angle at impact (°) |
0.34±1.07 |
.348 |
0.75±1.30* |
-.030 |
0.79±1.37*+
|
-.375 |
| Putter path (°) |
0.23±1.84 |
.487 |
1.21±2.20* |
-.191 |
1.69±2.79*+
|
-.645 |
| Horizontal spot (mm) |
-1.70±3.71 |
-.154 |
-2.30±4.11 |
.106 |
-2.74±4.13 |
.267 |
| Velocity impact (m/s) |
1.40±0.06 |
.000 |
1.40±0.06 |
-.306 |
1.42±0.07 |
-.310 |
| Vertical Spot (mm) |
7.33±2.09 |
-.391 |
6.26±3.41* |
.221 |
5.53±3.12*+
|
.707 |
| Rise (°) |
3.92±1.25 |
-.865 |
2.74±1.49* |
.089 |
2.59±1.85* |
.878 |
| Shaft angle (°) |
0.10±1.33 |
.119 |
0.17±1.53 |
-.514 |
1.19±2.38+
|
-.602 |
| Backswing duration (sec) |
0.75±0.08 |
.497 |
0.79±0.08* |
-.099 |
0.80±0.12*+
|
-.512 |
| Impact duration (sec) |
0.32±0.03 |
.575 |
0.34±0.04* |
-.248 |
0.35±0.04*+
|
-.873 |
| Downswing duration (sec) |
0.91±0.08 |
-.589 |
0.86±0.09* |
.199 |
0.84±0.11* |
.752 |
| Backswing displacement (m) |
0.21±0.03 |
.288 |
0.22±0.04 |
.000 |
0.22±0.04 |
-.291 |
| Downswing displacement (m) |
0.62±0.08 |
.000 |
0.62±0.08 |
.117 |
0.61±0.09 |
.118 |
| Rotation to impact (°) |
4.30±1.61 |
.006 |
4.31±1.83 |
-.010 |
4.33±2.05 |
-.002 |
Significance level was set at α<0.05
*statistically significant with Professional female golfers
+ statistically significant with Elite female golfers
ES1&2 Hedge’s G effective size between Professional and Elite female golfers
ES2&3 Hedge’s G effective size between Elite and Amateur female golfers
ES1&3 Hedge’s G effective size between Professional and Amateur female golfers