Table 1: Candidate Genes Associated with Personality Traits for Psychiatric, Behavioral, and Substance-Related Disorders

Gene Polymorphisms Personality Traits Phenotype Results Reference
DRD2 TaqIA TPQ novelty seeking Anxiety-depression Alcoholism Associated with TPQ novelty seeking [23]
TaqIA TPQ novelty seeking Antisocial personality disorder with alcoholism An interaction between DRD2 TaqI A1+ (including A1/A1 or A1/A2) and 5-HTTLPR short/short genotype in TPQ novelty seeking [28]
TaqIA BIS/BAS and SPSRQ reward sensitivity Binge eating disorder Having greater reward sensitivity than normal-weight controls, but only among those carrying the A1 allele [34]
DRD4 exon III TCI harm avoidance Mood disorders Genotypes with the DRD4 long allele marginally associated with low TCI harm avoidance [41]
HTR2A rs6313, rs4941573 NEO-PI-R extraversion Borderline personality disorder The C allele of rs6313 and the A allele of rs4941573 associated with a higher extraversion score [46]
MAOA uVNTR TCI persistence Mood disorders The long MAOA allele associated with decreased TCI persistence scores among female patients [41]
SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR/ VNTR TCI harm avoidance Alcoholism Association between short/12-repeat haplotype of SLC6A4 and low level of TCI harm avoidance [54]
5-HTTLPR TCI harm avoidance Alcoholism Associated with TCI harm avoidance [55]
5-HTTLPR TPQ novelty seeking Anxiety-depression Alcoholism The 5-HTTLPR short/short genotype associated with TPQ novelty seeking [23]
5-HTTLPR ZKPQ liking of parties and friends Borderline personality disorder The long allele (long/short or long/long) in 5-HTTLPR showed lower scores on the subscale of the ZKPQ liking of parties and friends [58]
5-HTTLPR TCI harm avoidance Bulimia nervosa The short allele (short/short or short/long) in 5-HTTLPR had significantly higher mean TCI harm avoidance score [59]
5-HTTLPR TCI harm avoidance Internet addiction The 5-HTTLPR short/short genotype showed higher TCI harm avoidance scores [65]
5-HTTLPR TCI novelty seeking Mood disorders The 5-HTTLPR short/short genotype associated with low TCI novelty seeking score [41]
5-HTTLPR TPQ reward dependence Nicotine dependence A weak association between TPQ reward dependence and 5-HTTLPR [68]
VNTR ZKPQ impulsivity, sensation seeking, and liking of parties and friends Borderline personality disorder The allele with 10 repeat of SLC6A4 VNTR showed lower scores in the ZKPQ impulsivity, sensation seeking and in the subscale liking of parties and friends [58]
VNTR TPQ novelty seeking Nicotine dependence A weak association between TPQ novelty seeking and SLC6A4 VNTR [68]
TPH1 A218C TCI harm avoidance Bulimia nervosa Bulimic women with the TPH1 AA genotype exhibited a more severe binge eating behavior and higher TCI harm avoidance scores than those with CC genotype [61]

The "rs number" means the NCBI SNP ID. 5-HTTLPR, serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region; BIS/BAS, Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System; DRD2, dopamine D2 receptor; DRD4, dopamine D4 receptor; HTR2A, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (serotonin receptor 2A); MAOA, monoamine oxidase A; NEO-PI-R, Revised NEO Personality Inventory; SLC6A4, solute carrier family 6 member 4 (serotonin transporter); SPSRQ, Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire; TCI, Temperament and Character Inventory; TPH1, tryptophan hydroxylase 1; uVNTR, the upstream variable number of tandem repeats in the MAOA gene promoter; VNTR, the variable number tandem repeats region in the second intron of the SLC6A4 gene; TPQ, Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire; ZKPQ, Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire.