Table 1: Overview of animal models (species, location, AVF/AVG, diameters, flow values, patency, advantages/limitations). Abbreviations: AVF = arteriovenous fistula. AVG = arteriovenous graft. A = artery. V = vein. NIRF = near-infrared fluorescence. TEVG = tissue engineered vascular graft. IVUS = intravascular ultrasonography.

Animal Species	AVF/ AVG	Location	Anti-Platelet Therapy	Configuration	Baseline Venous Diameter	Patency	Imaging	Limitations
Mouse [5]	AVF	carotid/ jugular	none	end-to-end	N/A	65% at 1 week	MRI imaging	deviant AVF configuration
Mouse [7]	AVF	carotid/ jugular	none	end (A) to side (V)	N/A	33% at 4 weeks	duplex	deviant AVF configuration
Mouse [11]	AVF	carotid/ jugular	none	end (V) to side (A)	0.5 mm	50% at 4 weeks	NIRF	technically challenging
Rat [15]	AVF	aorta/ caval vein	none	side-to-side	± 1.5 mm	N/A	duplex	risk of heart failure
Rat [19]	AVF	femoral artery/ femoral vein	none	side-to-side	N/A	100% at 4 weeks	duplex	deviant AVF configuration
Rat [22]	AVF	femoral artery/ femoral vein	none	end (A) to side (V)	0.17 mm	93% at 12 weeks	duplex	deviant AVF configuration
Rat [23]	AVF	ventral artery/ tail vein	none	end (V) to side (A)	N/A	100 % at 4 weeks	none	little advantage above murine model
Sheep [27]	AVG	carotid artery/ jugular vein	aspirin 80 mg/day	side-to-side	8.6 mm	25% at 12 weeks	none	s-shaped ePTFE graft
Goat [29]	AVF	carotid artery/ Jugular vein	none	end (V) to side (A)	3-5 mm	100% after 33-195 days	none	low coagulability
Dog [31-33]	AVG	femoral artery/ femoral vein	none	side-to-side	N/A	100% at 12 weeks	angiography	small lesions
Baboon [39, 40]	AVG	axillary artery/ brachial vein	aspirin 10 mg/kg/day	side-to-side	3 mm	100% at 6 weeks	duplex	expensive, ethical considerations
Pig [45]	AVF	femoral artery/ femoral vein	aspirin 325 mg	end (V) to side (A)	6 mm	67% at 42 days	IVUS	flow > 3 liter/min
Pig [47]	AVG	femoral artery/ femoral vein	aspirin 325 mg 4 times per day	side-to-side	N/A	80% at 42-64 days	Angiography IVUS	very high aspirin dose
Pig [48]	AVG	femoral artery/ femoral vein	aspirin 325 mg/day	side-to-side	N/A	100% at 28 days	none	risk of graft compression
Pig [49]	AVG	carotid artery/ jugular vein	aspirin 80 mg/day clopidogrel 75 mg/day	side-to-side	4 mm	50% at 8 weeks	angiography	double anti-platelet therapy required