Fig. (3) WSS profiles in an AVF of a hemodialysis patient. Contour plots of the WSS values averaged over a cardiac cycle for MRI scans at (A) 4, (B) 5, and (C) 7 months (mos) after AVF creation. The highest WSS values were found at the anastomosis (arrow) and the region of stenosis (arrowhead) of the AVF vein at all 3 time points. However, AVF WSS decreased from 4 to 7 mos. Note that the color scale bar was adjusted for peak WSS at each time point and the anastomosis and artery were maintained at the same angle of view for all 3 time points. However, the AVF vein deformed over time, obscuring the view of the accessory vein at 7 mos. In these images, the feeding artery is to the right of the anastomosis, the distal artery is to the left of the anastomosis, and the fistula vein is branching off of the artery at the anastomosis and the accessory vein branching off of the fistula vein just above the stenosis. Reprinted from Journal of Biomechanics, Y He, C Terry, C Nguyen, S Berceli, Y Shiu, A Cheung, "Serial analysis of lumen geometry and hemodynamics in human arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis using magnetic resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics," 46:165-169. Copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier [46].