Country |
Specimen Type |
Method of Detection |
Seasonal Prevalence |
Type of Study |
Number of Patients Involved in the Study (Sample Size) |
Age |
Incidence of HCoV-NL63 |
Co-Infection |
Symptoms |
Refs. |
Australia |
Throat and nose swab |
RT-PCR |
Winter |
Community based |
234 |
> 5 years |
3.3% |
ND |
Mild No croup, No bronchiolitis |
[54] |
Belgium |
NR |
RT-PCR |
Winter (January- February) |
Hospitalized patients |
NR |
Variable (6 cases under 2 years) |
2.3% |
Absent |
Fever, cough, wheezing, respiratory distress, diarhoea |
[28, 88] |
Canada |
Throat swab, nasopharygeal swab, lung autopsy |
RT-PCR |
Winter (January-March) |
patients with ARI |
525 |
1 month-100 years |
3.6%(13 males and 6 females) |
Absent |
Fever, rhinitis cough, sore throat, bronchiolitis |
[45] |
France |
NR |
RT-PCR |
Winter (February) |
Hospitalized patients for ARI |
300 |
Variable (18 cases under 2 years) |
9.3% |
Absent |
Fever, rhinitis bronchiolitis, digestive problems, otitis, pharyngitis and conjuctivitis |
[29] |
Germany |
Naso pharyngeal secretions |
Real-time RT-PCR |
Winter |
Population-based (Inpatients+ outpatients) |
949 |
< 3 years |
5.2% |
Present |
Croup Bronchitis Bronchiolitis |
[52, 53] |
China, Hong Kong |
Nasopharyngeal aspirate |
RT-PCR |
Spring and summer |
Hospitalized patients for ARI |
587 |
6-57 months |
2.6% |
Present |
Croup Fever Rash Sore throat Cough rhinitis shortness of breath Hoarseness Asthma exacerbations Seizures |
[26] |
Italy |
Nasopharyngeal aspirate |
RT-PCR |
Winter (December-February) |
Hospitalized infants for ARI |
150 |
<2 years |
1.86% |
Present |
Bronchiolitis Pneumonia Bronchospasm Wheezing rhinitis Bronchiolitis laryngitis |
[51] |
Japan |
NR |
RT-PCR |
January-March |
NR |
419 |
NR |
5 cases |
ND |
ND |
[49] |
Korea |
Nasopharyngeal aspirate |
RT-PCR |
April-May |
Children with lower respiratory tract infection |
515 |
|
1.6% |
25% |
Fever, rales wheezing Pneuminia Croup Asthma exacerbation |
[71] |
Taiwan |
Nasopharyngeal aspirate |
Quantitative RT-PCR |
Peak in October |
Hospitalized patients for ARI |
539 |
< 3 years |
1.3% |
Present |
Fever, cough , croup, and straidor |
[47] |
Thailand |
Nasopharyngeal aspirate |
RT-PCR |
Autumn |
Hospitalized patients with pneumonia+ out patients with flu like illnesses |
1890 |
1month-65 years |
7/734 (first year) 1/1156 (second year |
Present |
Cough, fever, straidor, croup |
[46] |
South Africa |
Nasal swab |
RT-PCR |
NR |
ND |
238 |
Median age= 12.4 months |
8.3% |
Present |
Wheezing |
[89] |
Switzerland |
Nasopharyngeal swab |
RT-PCR |
Cold months |
outpatients |
82 |
Neonates (less than 1 year) |
7% |
ND |
Cough, wheeze, fever, rhinitis , otitis, tonsillitis |
[60] |
Sweden |
Nasopharyngeal aspirate |
RT-PCR |
NR |
Oupatients (Children attending to pediatric department) |
212 |
ND |
6% |
ND |
ND |
[90] |
USA |
Respiratory specimens |
RT-PCR |
Mostly January-February |
Both ambulatory and hospitalized patients for ARI |
895 |
< 5 years |
8.8% |
Present |
Cough, rhinnorhoea, tachpnea, fever, abnormal breath sounds, hypoxia |
[91] |