Table 1: Epidemiological, Demographic, Clinical and Virological Characteristics of HCoV-HCOV-NL63 Infections

Country Specimen Type Method of Detection Seasonal Prevalence Type of Study Number of Patients Involved in the Study (Sample Size) Age Incidence of HCoV-NL63 Co-Infection Symptoms Refs.
Australia Throat and nose swab RT-PCR Winter Community based 234 > 5 years 3.3% ND Mild No croup, No bronchiolitis [54]
Belgium NR RT-PCR Winter (January- February) Hospitalized patients NR Variable (6 cases under 2 years) 2.3% Absent Fever, cough, wheezing, respiratory distress, diarhoea [28, 88]
Canada Throat swab, nasopharygeal swab, lung autopsy RT-PCR Winter (January-March) patients with ARI 525 1 month-100 years 3.6%(13 males and 6 females) Absent Fever, rhinitis cough, sore throat, bronchiolitis [45]
France NR RT-PCR Winter (February) Hospitalized patients for ARI 300 Variable (18 cases under 2 years) 9.3% Absent Fever, rhinitis bronchiolitis, digestive problems, otitis, pharyngitis and conjuctivitis [29]
Germany Naso pharyngeal secretions Real-time RT-PCR Winter Population-based (Inpatients+ outpatients) 949 < 3 years 5.2% Present Croup Bronchitis Bronchiolitis [52, 53]
China, Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal aspirate RT-PCR Spring and summer Hospitalized patients for ARI 587 6-57 months 2.6% Present Croup Fever Rash Sore throat Cough rhinitis shortness of breath Hoarseness Asthma exacerbations Seizures [26]
Italy Nasopharyngeal aspirate RT-PCR Winter (December-February) Hospitalized infants for ARI 150 <2 years 1.86% Present Bronchiolitis Pneumonia Bronchospasm Wheezing rhinitis Bronchiolitis laryngitis [51]
Japan NR RT-PCR January-March NR 419 NR 5 cases ND ND [49]
Korea Nasopharyngeal aspirate RT-PCR April-May Children with lower respiratory tract infection 515 1.6% 25% Fever, rales wheezing Pneuminia Croup Asthma exacerbation [71]
Taiwan Nasopharyngeal aspirate Quantitative RT-PCR Peak in October Hospitalized patients for ARI 539 < 3 years 1.3% Present Fever, cough , croup, and straidor [47]
Thailand Nasopharyngeal aspirate RT-PCR Autumn Hospitalized patients with pneumonia+ out patients with flu like illnesses 1890 1month-65 years 7/734 (first year) 1/1156 (second year Present Cough, fever, straidor, croup [46]
South Africa Nasal swab RT-PCR NR ND 238 Median age= 12.4 months 8.3% Present Wheezing [89]
Switzerland Nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR Cold months outpatients 82 Neonates (less than 1 year) 7% ND Cough, wheeze, fever, rhinitis , otitis, tonsillitis [60]
Sweden Nasopharyngeal aspirate RT-PCR NR Oupatients (Children attending to pediatric department) 212 ND 6% ND ND [90]
USA Respiratory specimens RT-PCR Mostly January-February Both ambulatory and hospitalized patients for ARI 895 < 5 years 8.8% Present Cough, rhinnorhoea, tachpnea, fever, abnormal breath sounds, hypoxia [91]

NR: Not Reported.ND: Not Done.