Table 1.: Host Defence Mechanisms and HSV-1 Genes Involved in Disarming Cellular Responses

Host Defence	Virus gene Involved in Counteraction	Mechanisms
Complement cascade	gC (UL44)	Binds C3b [14, 52]
		Inhibits C5 and factor P (properdin) binding [15]
	gE (US7)	Fc receptor activity [53]
Intrinsic	ICP0 (RL2)	E3-Ubiquitin-ligase. Induces proteolysis of transcriptional silencers [41-45]
innate responses
Inducible	ICP0 (RL2)	Inhibition of IRF3 signalling [3, 4, 54-56]
innate responses	ICP27 (UL54)	Blocks splicing. Inhibits activation of IRF3 and STAT1 [8, 57]
	ICP34.5 (RL1)	Dephosphorylates eIF2α . Prevents IRF3 activation [3, 5, 12, 58, 59]
a) Interferons	US11	Interacts with PKR, prevents production of 2’-5’ OAS [12, 60, 61]
b) Inflammation	Vhs (UL41)	Inhibits ISG transcription and STAT1 phosphorylation. Induces degradation of cellular mRNA [7, 54, 62]
	US3	Post-translational modification of IFN receptors and inhibition of ISG induction [2, 63]
Inducible innate responses	US3	Activates PKA and phosphorylates the same targets as PKA (Bad, Bid, procaspase 3) [1, 64-67]
	ICP4 (RS1)	Regulatory protein [16, 68, 69].
a) Apoptosis	ICP27 (UL54)	Activates NFκB and stabilizes Bcl2 [70, 71]
	gD (US6)	Activates NFκB. Protection against FAS-mediated apoptosis [11, 72]
	gJ (US5)	Prevents apoptosis induced by UV, anti-FAS or CTL killing [10, 11]
	LAT	Inhibits apoptosis during HSV-1 latency [73, 74]
Autophagy	ICP34.5 (RL1)	Binding and inhibition of Beclin 1 (Atg-6) [6]
Adaptive	gE (US7)	Fc receptor activity [13]
immune response	ICP47 (UL12)	Binding and inhibition of human TAP [9]