Fig. (3) Schema of Immune activation by siRNAs. RNA oligonucleotides and siRNAs are potent stimulators of the innate immune system, exerting their effects by activating endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs), or the immunomodulatory proteins retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG)-I or Protein kinase R RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). This leads to the induction of interferon (IFN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines to promote an anti-viral state, which could be beneficial in a combined therapy against HPV disease.