We present a comparative study on the use of wild honeys produced by insects of the order Hymenoptera in the Criollos (of mixed origin) and Polish populations in the northern part of the province of Misiones, Argentina. The principal questions of the study are: do different types of honey exist that are used for both nutritional and medicinal purposes or on the contrary: do exclusively nutritional and/or medicinal honeys exist? When used medicinally, are these honeys involved in the cure or prevention of similar ailments? The previous report of the use of complex drugs consisting of honey and medicinal plants or other products, led us to inquire about alternative or complementary roles among the sapid and medicinal properties of honeys in these blends. This question is approached from the local understanding of the role of honey in the preparation of medicines, treatments and prevention of common diseases in the area. This study is based partly on the results of two larger projects in progress in the mentioned areas. We prepared an open-ended questionnaire and worked with 16 Polish settlers, and with 23 Criollos farmers. The honeys of two species: bee (Apis mellifera) and yateí (Tetrogonisca angustula) obtained the greatest number of reports within alimentary and medicinal categories of use. They were also employed as functional and medicinal food. In general terms, we found a similar corpus of traditional medical knowledge for both populations. The relation between phytotherapy and zootherapy is evident for Criollos and Polish groups. Nevertheless, they show differences in forms of preparation and administrations. Criollos reported the use of greater number of plant species and more combinations of complex remedies.
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