Open Biological Sciences Journal




(Discontinued)

ISSN: 2352-6335 ― Volume 4, 2018

The Immunoglobulin G Concentration in Colostrum and Blood Serum from Sarabi Calves in Iran



Fereydon Rezazadeh*, 1, Badrosadat Rahnoma2, Jalal Abdolalizadeh3, Ali Akbar Heidari4
1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3 Immunology Laboratory, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4 Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in colostrum and blood serum of Sarabi calves as a genetic source of Iran. IgG levels determined in the first colostrum after calving by a SRID kit and also in the blood serum by ELISA and SRID. Twenty colostrum samples were taken from cows' immediately after parturition and stored at -20 °C until analysed. Venous blood samples for determination of plasma IgG concentration were obtained from 20 calves immediately before colostrum administered and after 24 h, 48 h and 8 days of birth. The maximum, minimum and mean (± SE) levels of IgG in the colostrum samples were 17000, 2000 and 8825±1206 mg/dl, respectively. The IgG levels (Mean± SE) in blood serum of calves were 451±17, 493 ±16, 508±26, and 503±24 mg/dl before colostrum intake, 24 h, 48 h, and 8 days after birth, respectively. The maximum concentrations of IgG in the blood serum (by ELISA) were 634, 631, 697 and 696 mg/dl in different time-points, respectively. IgG concentration in 4 calves that measured by SRID were 180, 1138, 1017, and 897 mg/dl in different time, respectively. The results showed that plasma IgG in calves was lower than 10 g/l, indicating existence of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in all the studied animals. Therefore, the Sarabi calves are prone to present clinical signs of FPT syndrome.

Keywords: Colostrum, ELISA, IgG, Sarabi, SRID.


Article Information


Identifiers and Pagination:

Year: 2016
Volume: 2
First Page: 17
Last Page: 21
Publisher Id: BIOLSCI-2-17
DOI: 10.2174/2352633501602010017

Article History:

Received Date: 13/10/2015
Revision Received Date: 30/6/2016
Acceptance Date: 27/7/2016
Electronic publication date: 31/08/2016
Collection year: 2016

© Rezazadeh et al.; Licensee Bentham Open

open-access license: This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode), which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.


* Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Tel: (+98) 411 6378742; Fax: (+98) 411 6378743; E-mail: f_rezazadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir





INTRODUCTION

Inadequate transmission of colostral immunoglobulin to the calf, known as failure of passive transfer (FPT), after birth has been associated with increased risk of neonatal mortality [1Ameri M, Wilkerson MJ. Comparison of two commercial radial immunodiffusion assays for detection of bovine immunoglobulin G in newborn calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20(3): 333-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000312] [PMID: 18460621]
-4Waldner CL, Rosengren LB. Factors associated with serum immunoglobulin levels in beef calves from Alberta and Saskatchewan and association between passive transfer and health outcomes. Can Vet J 2009; 50(3): 275-81.
[PMID: 19436479]
]. Factors including timing of colostrum ingestion, the method and volume of colostrum, the immunoglobulin concentrations of the colostrum ingested, and the age of the dam have been implicated in affecting the optimization of absorption. The colostrum pooling, the breed and presence of the dam may influence passive transfer [4Waldner CL, Rosengren LB. Factors associated with serum immunoglobulin levels in beef calves from Alberta and Saskatchewan and association between passive transfer and health outcomes. Can Vet J 2009; 50(3): 275-81.
[PMID: 19436479]
, 5Jaster EH. Evaluation of quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding on immunoglobulin G1 absorption in Jersey calves. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88(1): 296-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72687-4] [PMID: 15591392]
]. IgG have different values in different breeds. The type of placenta in ruminants (syndesmochorial) cause infants not taking IgG during pregnancy thus neonatal immunity depends on colostrum ingestion after birth. The FPT in calves may lead to pneumonia and diarrhea syndrome, loosing body weight, and high percentage of mortality during growing. The lowest concentrations of IgG in the colostrum required to prevent FPT is 1000 mg/dl. Therefore, taking colostrum as soon as possible after birth (less than 6-12 hours), could protect calves from FPT syndrome [5Jaster EH. Evaluation of quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding on immunoglobulin G1 absorption in Jersey calves. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88(1): 296-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72687-4] [PMID: 15591392]
, 6Berge AC, Besser TE, Moore DA, Sischo WM. Evaluation of the effects of oral colostrum supplementation during the first fourteen days on the health and performance of preweaned calves. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92(1): 286-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1433] [PMID: 19109287]
]. Colostrum samples were collected from the first milk secretion of multiparous cows. In a study, ELISA and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests were used for measuring IgG concentration in the blood of calves and it was estimated the agreement between results of 2 mentioned methods was 94% [7Weaver DM, Tyler JW, VanMetre DC, Hostetler DE, Barrington GM. Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14(6): 569-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02278.x] [PMID: 11110376]
, 8Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al. Veterinary Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Sunders Elsevier 2007; pp. 149-53.]. The ELISA method was also used for measuring the IgG concentrations of adulteration of bovine milk [9Fernández A, Ramos JJ, Loste A, et al. Influence of colostrum treated by heat on immunity function in goat kids. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 29(5-6): 353-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2006.09.005] [PMID: 17030384]
]. It is assumed that the incidence of diarrhea and application of antimicrobial treatments will significantly reduce but weight gain is higher in the group of calves received the supplemental IgG [6Berge AC, Besser TE, Moore DA, Sischo WM. Evaluation of the effects of oral colostrum supplementation during the first fourteen days on the health and performance of preweaned calves. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92(1): 286-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1433] [PMID: 19109287]
]. The aim of the present study is to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in colostrum and blood serum of Sarabi calves as a genetic source of Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was carried out in Sarab, a city in the East Azerbaijan of Iran 700 Km to Tehran, the capital of Iran.

IgG concentrations were measured in the first milking colostrum after calving by a SRID kit (Kents Lab, USA). Twenty samples with 200 ml volumes were taken from cows in different ages from first milking and from 4 quarter in a plastic container and stored at -20°C until assayed. Collecting of colostrum was done in four seasons of the year. The age of dam, season of calving, single or twining, gender, weight at parturition, normal calving or dystocia, and duration of dry period were recorded. The characteristic of calves such as sex, time of birth (morning, evening, and night), season of year, type of calving (normal or dystocia), age of the mother at parturition and single or twin calves also were recorded. Calves were bottle-fed with colostrumas soon as possible after birth and then 2 times after 4 h. All of calves were fed 3 L of colostrum until 24 h after birth. Twenty blood samples were taken by a Venoject (EDTA) from Jugular vein after birth (before colostrum intake), 24 h, 48 h, and 8 days after birth. The blood sera were separated by a centrifuge (3000 rpm for 10 min) as soon as possible and were stored at -20°C until analyzed. Wilson et al. revealed that the activity of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) should be used and restricted to assess passive transfer status in beef calves beneath 8 days. We did not determine the activity of serum GGT as findings by Wilson study are not in agreement with some other papers. Since Wilson and some other researchers have been focused on days being selected less than 10 so that we did so. IgG levels were determined in blood samples by ELISA (Koma, South Korea) and SRID (Triple J Farms, Redmond, WA) kits. All characteristics related to the cows and calving were recorded. Statistical analyses of the data were performed by SPSS (version 16) using one and two way ANOVA, or student t-test. The results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test under probability (P<0.05) using Minitab program.

Single Radial Immunodiffusion Assay (SRID)

The SRID Kit was used for detection of bovine immunoglobulin G. The sera were separated from the blood and preserved at -20oC until further experiment. Briefly, 5 µl bovine IgG standards and serum or colostrum samples were loaded in the wells and incubated in a humid chamber at room temperature (RT) overnight. The diameter of the precipitation ring was measured with a millimeter ruler and compared with the standard values (1-2). All samples were run in duplicate.

ELISA

ELISA microplates were coated with 100 µl of Affinity purified Sheep anti-Bovine IgG antibody (1:1,000 dilution in 50 mM Carbonate-Bicarbonate Buffer, pH 9.6) overnight at 4ºC. Then, the plate blocked with 200 µl blocker solution (4% non-fat dry milk in PBS, pH 7.4) and incubated at RT for 1 h. The plate was washed with PBST (0.1% Tween-20 in PBS, pH 7.4) three times. The plate was incubated with serial concentrations of Bovine Reference Serum as standard solution (20,000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.625 and 7.8 ng/ml) and diluted samples at RT for 1 h. The wells were incubated with HRP conjugated Sheep anti-Bovine IgG (1:10,000 dilution in PBS, pH 7.4) and incubated for 1 h at RT. 50 μL Substrate solution was added after washing well. The color intensity was measured at 450 nm by a microplate-reader (Stat Fax, St. Louis, MO, USA). All samples were run in duplicate.

RESULTS

The minimum, maximum, and mean (±SE) concentrations of IgG in the colostrum were 2000, 17000, 8825±1206 mg/dl, respectively (Table 1). The age of dam, season of calving, single or twining, gender, weight at birth, normal calving or dystocia of dam, and duration of dry period did not affect the IgG levels in colostrum of Sarabi cows (P>0.05). Sixteen blood samples (10 males and 6 females) were collected and analyzed by ELISA. Body weight at birth was 26±0.88 kg (Mean± SE) and IgG levels of the blood were 451±17, 493 ±16, 508±26, and 503±24 mg/dl before colostrum intake, 24 h, 48 h, and 8 days after birth, respectively (Table 2). The maximum and minimum levels of blood IgG (by ELISA) was 634, 631, 697, 696 mg/dl and 352, 402, 332, 359 mg/dl in different time respectively (Table 3). Gender of calves (10 males and 6 females), time of birth (morning 3, evening 4 and night 9), season of year (spring 8, summer 6, fall 1 and winter 1), type of calving (normal 9 and dystocia 7), age of the mother at calving (heifer 13, second 1, third 1, sixth calving 1) and single or twin calves did not influence serum levels of IgG (P>0.05). IgG levels in 4 (2 females and 2 males) calves that measured by SRID were 180, 1138, 1017, and 897 mg/dl in different time respectively. In both methods blood levels of IgG in blood samples in different time were not significantly different (P>0.05) with each other but showed significant differences in the colostral levels of IgG (P<0.05). Altogether, the results demonstrated that blood levels of IgG were 1/10 (one tenth) of colostral levels of IgG in both methods (P<0.05).

Table 1
The maximum, minimum and Mean± SE levels of IgG (mg/dl) in 20 colostrum samples.


Table 2
The blood levels of IgG in the calves measured by ELISA [Mean± SE (mg/dl)] and SRID (mg/dl).


Table 3
the maximum and minimum levels of IgG (mg/dl) were measured by ELISAin blood of calves at different times.


DISCUSSION

IgG have different values in different breeds. The type of placenta in ruminants (syndesmochorial) causes infants not taking IgG during pregnancy. Thus, neonatal immunity depends on colostrum ingested after birth [8Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al. Veterinary Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Sunders Elsevier 2007; pp. 149-53., 9Fernández A, Ramos JJ, Loste A, et al. Influence of colostrum treated by heat on immunity function in goat kids. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 29(5-6): 353-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2006.09.005] [PMID: 17030384]
]. The minimum level of IgG in the colostrum to cease FPT is 1000 mg/dl. The calves' colostrum intake after birth (less than 6-12 hours) could protect against FPT syndrome. SRID is preferred to ELISA for measurement of IgG levels in the colostrum because of turbidity appeared in colostrum [1Ameri M, Wilkerson MJ. Comparison of two commercial radial immunodiffusion assays for detection of bovine immunoglobulin G in newborn calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20(3): 333-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000312] [PMID: 18460621]
]. SRID was also applied to determine the colostral levels of IgG in some other animals such as goats described by Arguello et al. [10Argüello A, Castro N, Capote J. Short communication: evaluation of a color method for testing immunoglobulin G concentration in goat colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88(5): 1752-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72849-6] [PMID: 15829668]
]. In an experiment performed on Norwegian dairy cows and SRID was applied to measure colostral levels of IgG, 57.8% of the samples contained less than 50 g of IgG/L of colostrum. In other study, calf age up to 4 hours neither had significant effect on the calf's ability to ingest colostrum nor on serum level of IgG after 48 h [11Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Summers MK, Middleton JR, Schultz LG, Nagy DW. Evaluation of factors affecting serum IgG concentrations in bottle-fed calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234(6): 785-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.234.6.785] [PMID: 19284346]
-14Weaver DM, Tyler JW, Scott MA, Wallace LM, Marion RS, Holle JM. Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin G in neonatal llamas and alpacas. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61(7): 738-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.738] [PMID: 10895892]
]. Calf sex, calf birth weight, and season of calving were not significant predictors for detection of serum IgG in precolostral samples [15Gulliksen SM, Lie KI, Sølverød L, Østerås O. Risk factors associated with colostrum quality in Norwegian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91(2): 704-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0450] [PMID: 18218758]
]. The findings of the present study were in agreement with results of research done by Chigerwe et al. In another study performed on the sheep in Iran, the serum levels of IgG was not affected by sex, litter type, number of ewe parturition and birth weight [16Arthington JD, Cattell MB, Quigley JD III. Effect of dietary IgG source (colostrum, serum, or milk-derived supplement) on the efficiency of Ig absorption in newborn Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83(7): 1463-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75018-1] [PMID: 10908054]
] that were parallel with our findings on calves. The study of Cheryl L. et al. (2009) showed that the twining, dystocia and calves born from a heifer will intake IgG lower than 16 g/L of colostrum which is in contrary with our findings. The research demonstrated that the blood levels of IgG are the same by ELISA and SRID . Furthermore, serum levels of IgG in our study are similar to results of Lee SH and his colleagues. Since the Sarabi calves did not intake pasteurized or freezed colostrum, or colostrum replacer and always feeding by fresh colostrum so we could not compare our finding from this viewpoint (IgG and total protein in blood) with other research. Some studies suggested that the colostrum replacer product failed to routinely provide adequate IgG concentration compared with the fresh colostrum and claves fed fresh colostrum had significantly higher serum total protein and IgG concentrations [14Weaver DM, Tyler JW, Scott MA, Wallace LM, Marion RS, Holle JM. Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin G in neonatal llamas and alpacas. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61(7): 738-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.738] [PMID: 10895892]
, 15Gulliksen SM, Lie KI, Sølverød L, Østerås O. Risk factors associated with colostrum quality in Norwegian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91(2): 704-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0450] [PMID: 18218758]
, 17Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Nagy DW, Middleton JR. Frequency of detectable serum IgG concentrations in precolostral calves. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69(6): 791-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.6.791] [PMID: 18518660]
]. Both volume and method of colostrum feeding are important in terms of serum level of IgG, especially if small volume is utilized (i.e. 1.5 L). In the other hand, if a large volume of colostrum is fed (3 L), the method of feeding (bottle or esophageal tube) will not affect IgG absorption and passive transfer indices [18Nikbakht Brujeni G, Shahi Jani S, Alidadi N, et al. Passive immune transfer in fat-tailed sheep: Evaluation with different methods. Small Rumin Res 2010; 90(1-3): 146-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.024]
, 19Smith GW, Foster DM. Short communication: Absorption of protein and immunoglobulin g in calves fed a colostrum replacer. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90(6): 2905-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-682] [PMID: 17517730]
]. In present study all calves received colostrum only via bottle as explained in the material and methods. Wilson et al. demonstrated that the activity of serum GGT should be used and restricted to assess passive transmission status in beef calves beneath 8 days of age [20Wilson LK, Tyler JW, Besser TE, Parish SM, Gant R. Prediction of serum IgG1 concentration in beef calves based on age and serum gamma-glutamyl-transferase activity. J Vet Intern Med 1999; 13(2): 123-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01139.x] [PMID: 10225601]
]. We did not measure the amount of GGT activity and the findings obtained from experiment of Wilson were not in parallel with those of other papers. A new research presented that the adding the selenium to colostrum increases the amount of IgG absorbed by newborn calves. It seems that this might directly activate physiological pinocytosis of intestinal epithelial cells because of being reaction occurred rapidly [21Godden SM, Haines DM, Konkol K, Peterson J. Improving passive transfer of immunoglobulins in calves. II: interaction between feeding method and volume of colostrum fed. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92(4): 1758-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1847] [PMID: 19307658]
]. However, supplementing colostrum with other nutrients did not influence passive immunity and IgG levels [22Godden SM, Haines DM, Hagman D. Improving passive transfer of immunoglobulins in calves. I: dose effect of feeding a commercial colostrum replacer. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92(4): 1750-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1846] [PMID: 19307657]
, 23Kamada H, Nonaka I, Ueda Y, Murai M. Selenium addition to colostrum increases immunoglobulin G absorption by newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90(12): 5665-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0348] [PMID: 18024758]
]. Bender et al. believe that measurement of IgG merely is not sufficient and could not represent the absorption patterns so plasma protein content or activity of serum GGT should be determined. Values of hormones (e.g. insulin, glucagon, insulin-like growth factor-I, including its binding proteins, and cortisol), essential and non-essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins (e.g. β-carotene, retinol, and α-tocopherol) are dependent on time and volume of colostrum fed [2Blum JW, Hammon H. Colostrum effects on the gastrointestinal tract, and on nutritional, endocrine and metabolic parameters in neonatal calves. Livest Prod Sci 2000; 66(2): 151-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00222-0]
, 24Bender P, Bostedt H. Determination of IgG and IgM levels in sera of newborn calves until the 10th day of life by ELISA and description of their correlation to total plasma protein concentration and GGT activity. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2009; 116(2): 44-52.
[PMID: 19244827]
-26Sadeghi AA, Shawran P. Effects of natural zeolite clioptilolite on passive immunity and diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves. Livest Sci 2008; 113(2): 307-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.08.010]
]. This evidence may be adapted also to quality of maternal colostrum. Other studies are recommended to be done and GGT activity or total protein values must be measured to complete the results of present study.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was funded by the grant number S/27/2591-16 from the research vice-chancellor of the University of Tabriz (Iran).

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"Open access will revolutionize 21st century knowledge work and accelerate the diffusion of ideas and evidence that support just in time learning and the evolution of thinking in a number of disciplines."


Daniel Pesut
(Indiana University School of Nursing, USA)

"It is important that students and researchers from all over the world can have easy access to relevant, high-standard and timely scientific information. This is exactly what Open Access Journals provide and this is the reason why I support this endeavor."


Jacques Descotes
(Centre Antipoison-Centre de Pharmacovigilance, France)

"Publishing research articles is the key for future scientific progress. Open Access publishing is therefore of utmost importance for wider dissemination of information, and will help serving the best interest of the scientific community."


Patrice Talaga
(UCB S.A., Belgium)

"Open access journals are a novel concept in the medical literature. They offer accessible information to a wide variety of individuals, including physicians, medical students, clinical investigators, and the general public. They are an outstanding source of medical and scientific information."


Jeffrey M. Weinberg
(St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, USA)

"Open access journals are extremely useful for graduate students, investigators and all other interested persons to read important scientific articles and subscribe scientific journals. Indeed, the research articles span a wide range of area and of high quality. This is specially a must for researchers belonging to institutions with limited library facility and funding to subscribe scientific journals."


Debomoy K. Lahiri
(Indiana University School of Medicine, USA)

"Open access journals represent a major break-through in publishing. They provide easy access to the latest research on a wide variety of issues. Relevant and timely articles are made available in a fraction of the time taken by more conventional publishers. Articles are of uniformly high quality and written by the world's leading authorities."


Robert Looney
(Naval Postgraduate School, USA)

"Open access journals have transformed the way scientific data is published and disseminated: particularly, whilst ensuring a high quality standard and transparency in the editorial process, they have increased the access to the scientific literature by those researchers that have limited library support or that are working on small budgets."


Richard Reithinger
(Westat, USA)

"Not only do open access journals greatly improve the access to high quality information for scientists in the developing world, it also provides extra exposure for our papers."


J. Ferwerda
(University of Oxford, UK)

"Open Access 'Chemistry' Journals allow the dissemination of knowledge at your finger tips without paying for the scientific content."


Sean L. Kitson
(Almac Sciences, Northern Ireland)

"In principle, all scientific journals should have open access, as should be science itself. Open access journals are very helpful for students, researchers and the general public including people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals. The articles are high standard and cover a wide area."


Hubert Wolterbeek
(Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

"The widest possible diffusion of information is critical for the advancement of science. In this perspective, open access journals are instrumental in fostering researches and achievements."


Alessandro Laviano
(Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy)

"Open access journals are very useful for all scientists as they can have quick information in the different fields of science."


Philippe Hernigou
(Paris University, France)

"There are many scientists who can not afford the rather expensive subscriptions to scientific journals. Open access journals offer a good alternative for free access to good quality scientific information."


Fidel Toldrá
(Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos, Spain)

"Open access journals have become a fundamental tool for students, researchers, patients and the general public. Many people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals benefit of them on a daily basis. The articles are among the best and cover most scientific areas."


M. Bendandi
(University Clinic of Navarre, Spain)

"These journals provide researchers with a platform for rapid, open access scientific communication. The articles are of high quality and broad scope."


Peter Chiba
(University of Vienna, Austria)

"Open access journals are probably one of the most important contributions to promote and diffuse science worldwide."


Jaime Sampaio
(University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal)

"Open access journals make up a new and rather revolutionary way to scientific publication. This option opens several quite interesting possibilities to disseminate openly and freely new knowledge and even to facilitate interpersonal communication among scientists."


Eduardo A. Castro
(INIFTA, Argentina)

"Open access journals are freely available online throughout the world, for you to read, download, copy, distribute, and use. The articles published in the open access journals are high quality and cover a wide range of fields."


Kenji Hashimoto
(Chiba University, Japan)

"Open Access journals offer an innovative and efficient way of publication for academics and professionals in a wide range of disciplines. The papers published are of high quality after rigorous peer review and they are Indexed in: major international databases. I read Open Access journals to keep abreast of the recent development in my field of study."


Daniel Shek
(Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)

"It is a modern trend for publishers to establish open access journals. Researchers, faculty members, and students will be greatly benefited by the new journals of Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. in this category."


Jih Ru Hwu
(National Central University, Taiwan)


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