Recent improvements of augmented reality technologies have boosted the design and the development of new solutions to support the user when visiting cultural sites. Each kind of multimedia information can be conveyed to the user in a new and intriguing way. On the other hand, a model to evaluate this kind of AR solutions for cultural heritage still misses.
This paper aims to bridge the gap between applications and assessment by proposing a multivariate evaluation model and its application for an Android mobile augmented reality application designed to support the user during the visit of the historical industrial site of Carpano in Turin, Italy. This site is now a museum that keeps alive the memory of antique procedures and industrial machineries.
The proposed assessment model is based on a star like representation, which is often used to denote multivariate models; the length of each ray denotes the value of the corresponding variate. A three-level scale has been chosen for the proposed star-like representation: full length corresponds to the high-maximum level, medium length corresponds to the fair-average level and short length corresponds to the poor-null level.
The proposed AR application has been used by 13 people who, at the end of the experience, filled a questionnaire. Subjective feedbacks allowed us to evaluate the application usability. Moreover, the multivariate evaluation model has been applied to the AR application, thus outlining advantages and drawbacks.
The presented multivariate evaluation model considers several different elements that can have an impact on the user experience; it also takes into account the coherence of the multimedia material used to augment the visit, as well as the impact of different thematic routes, is assessed.
Open Peer Review Details | |||
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Manuscript submitted on 09-02-2018 |
Original Manuscript | Promoting Industrial Cultural Heritage by Augmented Reality: Application and Assessment |
Augmented Reality (AR) technologies have been profitably used in different sectors such as medicine, industry, entertainment, military, tourism, education and so on [1R.T. Azuma, "A survey of augmented reality", Presence (Camb. Mass.), vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 355-385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355] -3A. Sanna, and F. Manuri, "A survey on applications of augmented reality", Advances in Computer Science: An International Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 18-27.]. Cultural heritage also strongly took advantage of a new and intriguing way to enhance the user experience in (cultural) tourism activities. AR allows to augment the reality by a set of computer-generated assets such as textual messages, images, videos, audio clips and 3D animated models. In other words, AR is an intermediate dimension between the reality and the virtuality (where the user can see only synthetic elements) [4P. Milgram, H. Takemura, A. Utsumi, and F. Kishino, "Augmented reality: A class of displays on the reality-virtuality continuum", In Telemanipulator and telepresence technologies vol. 2351, pp. 282-293. International Society for Optics and Photonics, December 1995.]. Often, the term Mixed Reality (MR) is also used; in this case, the user is able to interact with computer-generated contents (e.g., with 3D models).
From a technological point of view, an AR system is based on three different blocks: a tracking system, an asset/scene generator and a combiner [5D.W.F. Van Krevelen, and R. Poelman, "A survey of augmented reality technologies, applications and limitations", Int. J. Virtual Real., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 1.]. The tracking system can be implemented by different technologies but, basically, it aims to clearly identify a real object in the scene; this detection step allows to compute the coordinate of the camera that is framing the scene with respect to the tracked object. The camera can be worn by the user when Head Mounted Devices (HMDs) are used or kept in hand when the AR application runs on smartphones and tablets. Different devices support different AR paradigms: HMDs support the see-through paradigm, whereas personal devices support the hand-held paradigm. When the coordinate of the camera with respect to the tracked object has been computed, assets can be generated in order to be correctly aligned with the real world. This is an issue when 3D static or animated models have to be overlapped to real elements. This step is performed by the asset/scene generator. Finally, the combiner overlaps assets to the user view by acting in different ways according to the used AR paradigm.
Tourism and cultural heritage can benefit AR, as a lot of additional information can be conveyed to the user in a very exciting and intuitive way [6C.D. Kounavis, A.E. Kasimati, and E.D. Zamani, "Enhancing the tourism experience through mobile augmented reality: Challenges and prospects", Int. J. Eng. Bus. Manag., vol. 4, p. 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51644] -8A.C. Haugstvedt, and J. Krogstie, "Mobile augmented reality for cultural heritage: A technology acceptance study", In: IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), pp. 247-255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR.2012.6402563] ]. Moreover, users can freely move through the site they are visiting without space and time constraints. Each kind of multimedia information can be managed and virtual reconstructions, as well as 3D animations, can be overlapped to the object the user is interested in.
Although several efforts have been devoted to investigate the application of AR to cultural heritage (see Section 2), a model to define what an AR system should provide to efficiently support cultural heritage still misses. This paper focuses on the identification of criteria for the evaluation of an AR cultural heritage software and proposes the application of this multivariate evaluation model to an AR Android application for the promotion of an industrial cultural site: the Carpano museum in Turin, Italy.
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews main works known in the literature concerning the application of AR to cultural and industrial cultural heritage, Section 3 presents the proposed multivariate model, Section 4 describes the AR application and Section 5 shows tests and results collected by asking 13 people to use the application inside the museum.
The union between augmented reality and cultural heritage can be dated back at the end of the last century when a new generation of personal devices enabled AR guides to be used in real contexts.
Advantages of AR for cultural heritage are manifold: a higher level of user engagement can be obtained, cultural spaces can be used in a more functional and complete way, more multimedia information can be conveyed to the user in real time and so on. Moreover, two key advantages have to be considered: (1) the user moves in the real world and the only assets to be generated (2) the users are not, in general, affected by motion sickness when AR applications are used for long time periods.
In order to take advantage of AR technologies, several museums and art galleries decided to provide users augmented visits. Some works can be considered as pioneers of this discipline [9B.A. Brogni, C.A. Avizzano, C. Evangelista, and M. Bergamasco, "Technological approach for cultural heritage: augmented reality", In: IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interaction, pp. 206-212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.1999.900341] -11V. Vlahakis, N. Ioannidis, J. Karigiannis, M. Tsotros, M. Gounaris, T. Gleue, P. Daehne, and L. Almeida, "Archeoguide: an augmented reality guide for archaeological sites", IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 52-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2002.1028726] ] and the concept of Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) has been evolving quickly since the first prototype of Archeoguide. Then, more sophisticated and powerful systems have been proposed; it is worthwhile to cite: PRISMA [12F. Fritz, A. Susperregui, and M.T. Linaza, "Enhancing cultural tourism experiences with augmented reality technologies", 6th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (VAST), .], MARCH [13O. Choudary, V. Charvillat, R. Grigoras, and P. Gurdjos, "MARCH: mobile augmented reality for cultural heritage", Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 1023-1024.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1631272.1631500] ] (based on smartphones), iTACITUS [14M. Zöellner, J. Keil, H. Wüest, and D. Pletinckx, "An augmented reality presentation system for remote cultural heritage sites", Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage VAST, pp. 112-116.] (based on Ultra Mobile PCs), ARtSENSE [15A. Damala, N. Stojanovic, T. Schuchert, J. Moragues, A. Cabrera, and K. Gilleade, "Adaptive augmented reality for cultural heritage: ARtSENSE project", Progress in Cultural Heritage Preservation, pp. 746-755.] (an example of user-centered application) and others [16A. Angelopoulou, D. Economou, V. Bouki, A. Psarrou, L. Jin, C. Pritchard, and F. Kolyda, "Mobile augmented reality for cultural heritage ", International Conference on Mobile Wireless Middleware, Operating Systems, and Applications, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 15-22.-19M. Mortara, C.E. Catalano, F. Bellotti, G. Fiucci, M. Houry-Panchetti, and P. Petridis, "Learning cultural heritage by serious games", J. Cult. Herit., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 318-325.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2013.04.004] ].
There is also an example of enjoyable exhibition just only by an AR application [20 Augmented Reality Art Invasion at MoMa, NY: http://www.sndrv.nl/moma/ [Accessed March. 21, 2018].]: on October 2010, Sander Veenhof e Mark Skwarek sets up a completely digital event at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York.
The above-mentioned examples of union between AR and cultural heritage tackled each issue in a very well defined way. In the beginning, a lot of efforts were devoted to overcome technological gaps (the first devices were portable but a free and user-friendly mobility has been reached only with the advent of smartphones and tablets [21A.G. Marto, A.A. de Sousa, and A.J.M. Gonçalves, "Mobile augmented reality in cultural heritage context: Current technologies", 24º Encontro Português de Computação Gráfica e Interação (EPCGI), IEEE, pp. 1-8.]); then, tracking issues were considered. Outdoor sites can benefit from GPS localization [22L. Antonczak, and C. Papetti, "Towards a mobile enhancement of glocal heritage? Developing user experiences in relation to mobile technologies, geo-localisation and culture", ICWMC 2017–The Thirteenth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications, pp. 73-78.], but GPS-denied environments need alternative solutions [23J. Aliprantis, E. Kalatha, M. Konstantakis, K. Michalakis, and G. Caridakis, "Linked Open Data as universal markers for Mobile Augmented Reality Applications in Cultural heritage", https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Aliprantis/publication/322337536 _Linked_Open_Data_as_universal_markers_for_Mobile_Augmented_Reality_Applications_in_Cultural_heritage/links/5a5cac58aca272d4a3db83a7/Linked-Open-Data-as-universal-markers-for-Mobile-Augmented-Reality-Applications-in-Cultural-heritage.pdf[Accessed March. 21, 2018].]. Technologies have been developed to support both computer vision and wireless localization techniques. In general, these techniques might need a lot of computational power, thus requiring hardware improvements (also in terms of battery duration and network connectivity). More comfortable and usable devices have been also introduced; lightweight HMDs now allow users to enjoy the visit without keeping any device in their hands and the interaction with the AR application is based on more intuitive and natural paradigms (e.g., voice and gestures). Successive works also focused on more attractive game logics (e.g., [24M. Haahr, "Creating location-based augmented-reality games for cultural heritage", Joint International Conference on Serious Games, pp. 313-318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70111-0_29] ]). AR software for cultural heritage has been designed as edutainment applications with the aim to enhance the level of engagement, thus involving the user in more sophisticated and challenging activities than the “simple” visit (e.g., [25M. Kljun, K.Č. Pucihar, and P. Coulton, "User engagement continuum: Art engagement and exploration with augmented reality", Augmented Reality Art, pp. 329-342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69932-5_18] ]). Finally, a lot of works known in the literature address the implementation of an AR application tailored for a specific use case [26E. La Duca, "Augmented reality and virtual museums for the transmission and creation of knowledge: designing an app for the Alhambra as a case study", III Congreso de la Sociedad Internacional Humanidades Digitales Hispánicas Sociedades, políticas, saberes (Libro de resúmenes), vol. 18, no. 20, p. 337.-29M.M. Schaper, M. Santos, L. Malinverni, J.Z. Berro, and N. Pares, "Learning about the past through situatedness, Embodied Exploration and Digital Augmentation of Cultural Heritage sites", Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud., .
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.01.003] ]. A recent taxonomy, based on activity, has been used to classify 86 AR applications for cultural heritage [30K.Č. Pucihar, and M. Kljun, "ART for Art: Augmented reality taxonomy for art and cultural heritage", Augmented Reality Art, pp. 73-94.].
This paper is not only another AR application for cultural heritage; infact, this work aims to bridge the gap between design and evaluation. A multivariate assessment model is proposed, which identifies the main variates to be considered when designing both the application and the augmented contents. An application to support the user in visiting the Carpano museum has also been implemented and its compliance with the proposed model is shown.
Together with the design of the app, the identification of data and information to be conveyed was not limited to draw on bibliographic material or texts elaborated for other purposes, but it has dealt with the analysis right away in the logic of Public History [31S. Noiret, "Public History e storia pubblica nella rete", Ricerche storiche. MAG./DIC., pp. 1000-1053, 2009, (2/3).], of which archives and museums are the natural fields for experimentation and application. To question the sources starting from the assumptions of a story “for the public”, suitable not only for the dissemination of information on several levels, but also as a meta-tool in the broadest sense of the term - project, valorization, creation and strengthening of community identities, a sense of belonging and sharing-, involves a method of research, comparison and interpretation of the documentary material that needs some corrections. The historical investigation in the form of a digital history [32T. Weller, "History in the digital age", Routledge, .] does not substantially change the research methodology but requires to foresee a variety of queries not usual in traditional research. The collaboration between historians and software developers needs a synthesis in communication (buttons, actions, on-line information) and documentary material; therefore, a “mediator” professional between the humanistic and technical cultures [33C. Caldesi Valeri, “Beni culturali e infosfera” Processi, metodi, mediazione (Doctoral dissertation, Politecnico di Torino), 2016.], that have to collaborate by using a design thinking approach, confirming, once again, the cultural and technological transformations in progress and opening the way to new and fruitful collaborations, is necessary for this kind of project.
The proposed multivariate evaluation model considers 14 variates and it is shown as a star-like representation in Fig. (1). Star-like representations are often used to denote multivariate models [34P. Psomos, and M. Kordaki, "Analysis of educational digital storytelling software using the “Dimension Star” model", Int. J. Knowl. Soc. Res., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 22-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jksr.2012100103] ]; the length of each ray denotes the value of the corresponding variate. A three-level scale has been chosen for the proposed star-like representation: full length corresponds to the high-maximum level, medium length corresponds to the fair-average level and short length corresponds to the poor-null, level. Meanings of the 14 variates are:
Fig. (1) A star-like representation of the proposed multivariate model. |
The application has been developed by the AR framework Vuforia [35 Vuforia web site: https://www.vuforia.com/ [Accessed March. 21, 2018].] as it supports a multi-platform deployment of applications and is strictly integrated with the Unity game engine [36 Unity web site https://unity3d.com/ [Accessed March. 21, 2018].], which allows developers to easily manage 2D and 3D animated contents. In particular, the deployed application has been optimized for Android devices. The architecture of the proposed application is shown in Fig. (2).
Due to the indoor illumination of the Carpano museum (completely artificial and quite feeble), it has been chosen to select a tracking approach based on the marker. In this way, a stable tracking can be obtained also in poor lighting conditions by placing small targets in the environments. Moreover, marker tracking is almost independent of the camera position, thus allowing the user to move around virtual (3D) assets without limitation. Each thematic route (see Section 4.1) is composed of four markers. As the number of images to be tracked is limited, images have been stored in the internal DB of the application (Vuforia allows to store images also in the cloud), thus making the tracking step faster and independent of Internet connections. The drawback of this choice is the dimension of the application to be deployed for a personal device, but this is an issue only when thousand or more images have to be recognized.
From a logical point of view, the application is split into four scenes; three of them have been implementing exclusively by Unity and one by the elements (AR camera, image target, scripts, etc.) provided by Vuforia.
Fig. (2) Architecture of the proposed application. |
The application is named ARCarpano and the first scene is the main menu (see Fig. 3 – left). The main menu shows the logo and three buttons; basically, it presents the application features: searching for contents (the big button name “Inizia”), reading the application guide and reading application credits.
Fig. (3) The main menu (left) and the application guide (right). |
The user guide (see Fig. 3 - right) is a panel that shows a sort of manual explaining the meaning of each marker/image to be searched in the environment; this panel can be browsed vertically by a slider. The credit scene exhibits the same structure as the user guide.
When the user presses the button “Inizia” (that means “Start”), the application activates the device camera and searches for a target stored in the internal DB. Meanwhile, new buttons appear at the bottom of the application. When no marker is recognized, two buttons appear one to go back to the main menu and the other one to take a snapshot. On the other hand, a third button can appear (see Fig. 4) when a marker is recognized. Assets (images, videos, 3D models, etc.) appear when a marker is tracked and a textual description can be available through the third central button of Fig. (4).
Fig. (4) The interface appearing at the bottom of the application. |
This scene to search for content has been implemented by a Unity canvas and an image target has been added for each asset; then, image targets have been associated with the markers stored in the internal DB. Static and animated models (with materials and textures), images and videos have been associated with the markers. Fig. (5) shows some examples of assets: the left picture represents an advertising billboard, the central image represents a static model designed by Armando Testa (Punt e Mes) for an advertising campaign and the right image represents a 3D animation of King Carpano (a virtual character used for advertising).
Fig. (5) Examples of assets. |
The button to take a snapshot creates an image in PNG format stored in the external memory of the device. When a video clip has to be played, buttons related to textual descript and snapshot are replaced by two other buttons enabling the user to pause and play the video.
A detailed historical analysis about neglected industrial sites related to wine-making and confectionery products in Turin has been performed; several sites can be considered, but a few of them can be visited for tourism as many plants are closed and others have been converted to private buildings. The Carpano distillery placed in via Nizza 244, Turin, has been selected; this building is now the location for the shopping center Eataly. The whole building is extremely vast and the testing field has been restricted to the Carpano museum at the first floor of the building. The museum is organized in four rooms and is separated from the shopping center. The main thematic routes have been identified and each path is denoted by a different color:
Markers used to denote the different routes are shown in Fig. (6).
Fig. (6) Examples of markers related to the three thematic routes: green-historical, red-artistic and blue-industrial. |
A set of volunteers (13 people) have tested the application inside the Carpano museum. Although 13 people are not enough to provide an exhaustive statistical analysis, they are sufficient both to test the application functionalities and to evaluate the potentialities of the proposed approach. Each person has been briefly trained individually in order to explain the application interface and the age of testers ranged from 26 to 62 years. At the end of the augmented tour, people were asked to fill a questionnaire. The first questions are aimed to gather data about age, gender and the degree of confidence in using smartphone and tablet; the familiarity with AR applications was also asked (only the 38,5% had already used AR software).
For the other questions, users had to rank from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree) a set of statements. Fig. (7) shows the answer to the question about the clarity of the interface; inside each bar, the number of people and the percentage are reported. As it can be noticed, just one person was not satisfied with this issue, whereas all the other users were satisfied.
Fig. (7) Bar chart of the answer about the clarity of the interface. |
More in the detail, a question was devoted to investigate the interface from the point of view of shape and color of graphics elements; Fig. (8) shows the bar chart of the question about the intuitiveness of graphics elements (e.g. the 3 buttons the user can see at the bottom of the application). Among all the users, one was completely aware of the meaning of these 3 buttons and all testers were able to go back to the main menu without any problem.
Fig. (8) Bar chart of the answer about the intuitiveness of graphics elements. |
The best part of users (92,3%) appreciated the possibility to take a snapshot of the augmented environment. Moreover, all testers enjoyed computer-generated assets and considered textual information essential for the promotion of the industrial cultural heritage.
Finally, some users suggested to add a sort of map able to display the position of significant contents placed in an area also larger than the single museum. In this way, it should be possible to follow more easily a thematic route that involves different sites on a city scale.
This Section aims to map the proposed application onto the multivariate evaluation model presented in Section 3. Each variate is considered and evaluated (see Fig. 9):
Fig. (9) Mapping of the application onto the multivariate evaluation model. |
This paper investigates issues related to the design and the development of AR applications to support (industrial) cultural heritage. A multivariate evaluation model is presented; it considers several different elements that can impact on the user experience. Moreover, the proposed model also takes into account the coherence of the multimedia material used to augment the visit, as well as the impact of different thematic routes, is assessed.
An AR application to support users during the visit of the Carpano museum in Turin, Italy, is also presented. This mobile application implements three thematic paths in order to provide detailed information about the industrial, artistic and historical elements related to an industrial site now converted to a museum. The application has been tested by 13 heterogeneous users, who filled a questionnaire used to gather subjective evaluations about the usability of the application. Moreover, the multivariate model has been applied to the AR application, thus outlining qualities and lacks.
Future work will be aimed to validate the proposed model with other use cases, possibly considering also AR applications deployed for HMD devices, such as the Microsoft Hololens, which provide different levels of mobility, interaction, sense of immersion and realism.
Not applicable.
The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
Decleared none.
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