The Open Petroleum Engineering Journal




(Discontinued)

ISSN: 1874-8341 ― Volume 12, 2019
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effect of Mud Weight on Hole Cleaning During Oil and Gas Drilling Operations Effective Drilling Approach



Kevin C. Igwilo1, *, Emeka E. Okoro2, Princewill N. Ohia1, Solomon A. Adenubi2, Nnanna Okoli1, Temilade Adebayo1
1 Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria
2 Department of Petroleum Engineering. Covenant University Ota, Nigeria

Abstract

Introduction:

A good hole cleaning operation is an important factor for every successful drilling program. Drilling mud should be formulated to suspend and transport cuttings effectively to minimize the number of drill cuttings in the hole. It is therefore, essential to determine the best weighing material that would be incorporated into the drilling mud for efficient hole cleaning given the well’s condition and formation type.

Methods:

This work is aimed to provide a detailed comparative analysis on the effect of drilling mud weight, using different concentrations of barite and calcium carbonate as weighing materials to determine optimum materials for hole cleaning.

Results and Discussion:

The results show that barite gave a lower annular pressure drop and therefore, a better Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) compared to calcium carbonate, though, calcium carbonate gave better results in terms of transport efficiency and cutting concentration compared to barite.

Conclusion:

Barite is highly applicable in high-pressure reservoirs and calcium carbonate is applicable in depleted reservoirs. It can also serve as a bridging agent and can be used in reservoirs where it is necessary to minimize formation damage.

Keywords: Hole cleaning, Annular pressure drop, Cutting concentration, cutting transport efficiency, Barite, Calcium carbonate.


Article Information


Identifiers and Pagination:

Year: 2019
Volume: 12
First Page: 14
Last Page: 22
Publisher Id: TOPEJ-12-14
DOI: 10.2174/1874834101212010014

Article History:

Received Date: 12/12/2018
Revision Received Date: 19/02/2019
Acceptance Date: 19/03/2019
Electronic publication date: 31/05/2019
Collection year: 2019

© 2019 Igwilo et al.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria;
Tel: +2348033365214; Emails: meetkevin2@gmail.com






1. INTRODUCTION

The specific objective of this research is to ascertain the high gravity solids and low gravity solids that gives better hole cleaning during oil and gas drilling operations while the main objective is to measure the effect of mud weight in achieving effective hole cleaning of the wellbore.

The transportation of cuttings and good hole cleaning is very important in any drilling operation because a successful drilling operation is vital to a profitable business in the oil and gas sector. A successful drilling program is a product of an efficiently cleaned hole whereas, a poorly cleaned hole implies the accumulation of formation cuttings in the well [1A.S. Adenubi, K.C. Igwilo, E.E. Okoro, and A.O. Mamudu, "Data for analyzing drilling fluid ability to effectively achieve hole cleaning for high shear and low shear rates", Data Brief, vol. 19, pp. 1515-1521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.06.007] [PMID: 30229023]
]. This leads to a number of problems which include; Stuck pipe, increased cost of drilling, decreased rate of penetration, formation fracturing and many others. The basic function of a drilling fluid is the transportation of cuttings generated during drilling activities and this must be done effectively, with the hole being cleaned with a minimum accumulation of cuttings in the annulus. This will, therefore, prevent downtime during drilling operations and the costs will therefore, be optimized [2E.E. Okoro, A. Dosunmu, and S.E. Iyuke, "Data on cost analysis of drilling mud displacement during drilling operation", Data Brief, vol. 19, pp. 535-541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.05.075] [PMID: 29900353]
]. The ability of the operations to effectively remove drill cuttings dictates the efficiency of a drilling operation. Hence, the efficiency of the cutting removal and hole tidiness is a very vital requirement factor for meeting the desired drilling objective. Cuttings transport efficiency of a drilling program depends on a number of factors such as cuttings concentration, rate of penetration, fluid flow regime, hole geometry and inclination, and rheology amongst others. It is necessary to carry out analysis on drilling mud to determine their rheological properties, transport efficiency and all other factors that are necessary for a good hole cleaning operation [3E.B. Ekeinde, E.E. Okoro, A. Dosunmu, and S. Iyuke, "Optimizing aqueous drilling mud system viscosity with green additives", J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-018-0481-0]
].

Adari et al [4R.B. Adari, S. Miska, E. Kuru, P. Bern, and A. Saasen, "Selecting Drilling Fluid Properties and Flow rates for Effective Hole Cleaning in High angle and Horizontal wells", SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, pp. 1-4.Dallas
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/63050-MS]
], arranged the parameters controlling cuttings transport in their order of relevance and from their illustration, fluid rheology, volumetric flow rate and rate of penetration have the highest control on the efficiency of hole cleaning. In horizontal wells, cuttings removal is easier with turbulent flow than laminar flow. As the angle of inclination of the well increases, the circulation time required to clean the wellbore increases [5B. Busahmin, N.H. Saeid, U.H.B.H. Hassan, and G. Alusta, “Analysis of Hole Cleaning for a vertical Well”, Open Access Library Journal., vol. Vol. 4 e 3579, ISSN Online, pp. 2333-9721.]. Drilling cuttings, under the influence of gravity, tend to fall through the ascending drilling fluid. The velocity at which this tends to occur is known as the slip velocity. The fluid velocity must be high enough to overcome the slip velocity of the particles for effective cuttings removal [6A.Z. Noah, "Optimizing Drilling Fluid Properties and Flow Rates for Effective Hole Cleaning at High Angle and Horizontal Wells", J. Appl. Sci. Res., pp. 705-718.]. A proper hole cleaning exercise is the efficient and effective transport of drilled solids from the wellbore to the surface. This helps with the reasonable unhindered movement of the tubular and drill strings [7S.F. Ofesi, S.I. Onwukwe, and U.I. Duru, Optimizing hole cleaning using low viscosity drilling fluid., Advances in Petroleum Exploration and Development, pp. 51-61.]. A good understanding of the mechanics of cuttings transport is important for the optimization of drilling hydraulics for a hitch-free drilling [8K. Wang, T. Yan, X. Sun, S. Shao, and S. Luan Shizhu, "Review and analysis of cuttings transport in complex structural wells", Open Fuels Energy Sci. J., vol. 6, pp. 9-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973X20130610001]
].

Demirdal [9B. Demirdal, The Study of Flow of Paraffin Based Synthetic Based Drilling Fluid at Elevated Pressure and Elevated Temperature (EPET) conditions, An M.Sc Thesis submitted to the, University of Tulsa, .Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA] compared theoretical frictional pressure losses with experimental data. Hydraulic diameter approach was employed for the Bingham Plastic Model, Power Law model and Yield Power Law model [10B. Demirdal, Z.B. Stefan, E.T. Nicholas, and J.C. Cunha, "Drilling fluids rheological and volumetric characterization under down hole conditions", Buenos Aires, Argentina]. The final analysis indicated that calculated pressure losses overestimate the measured values in both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Osei [11H. Osei, "A Review of the Rheological Effects of Power Law Drilling Fluids on Cutting Transportation in Non-Vertical Boreholes", ] noted that adequate cuttings removal from a well while drilling is critical for cost effective drilling, as high annular cuttings build up often leads to high risk of stuck pipe, reduced rate of penetration and other impediments to standard drilling and completion. The investigation was on the rheological parameters that influence the removal of cuttings in non-vertical boreholes. Micah [12E.M. Micah, Combined Effect of rheological model and Equivalent Diameter Definitions on Pressure Losses/Equivalent Circulating Density estimation, An MSc Thesis submitted to the Department of Petroleum Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, pp. 1-63.Abuja] reiterated the importance of accurate estimation of annular pressure losses in drilling and well completion operations, and calculated the pressure loss gradients/ Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) using annular frictional pressure equations as the basis of relating the results obtained from the rheological model- equivalent diameter definition combinations.

Unegbu [13C. Unegbu, Hole Cleaning and Hydraulics., University of Stavanger: Stavanger, pp. 1-75.] highlighted the various factors that affect the cuttings removal and made an attempt to develop a model to bridge the gap between existing models, of which a single model was proposed, and a chart was also developed. Jachnik [14R.P. Jachnik, "Low Shear Rate Rheology of Drilling Fluids Annual Transactions of the Nordic Rheology Society, Vol. 11, 2003", Available from: https://nordicrheologysociety.org/Content/ Transactions/2003/Richard] reported that flow properties are important for understanding hole cleaning and suspension characteristics. Iyoho and Zamora [15A.W. Iyoho, M. Zamora, and C. Aldea, Hole cleaning: The Achilles’ Heel of Drilling Performance., In American Association of Drilling Engineers: Houston, Texas, .] noted that an increase in mud rheology can reduce ECD if the hole cleaning efficiency is simultaneously increased. Ochoa [16M.V. Ochoa, Analysis of drilling fluid rheology and tool joint effect to reduce errors in hydraulics calculations, A dissertation submitted to the office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, .] carried out a study for selecting the rheological model that best fits the rheological properties of a given non-Newtonian fluid. Igwilo [17K.C. Igwilo, Fundamentals of Drilling Fluids Technology.Choba., Emhai Books: Port Harcourt, .] noted that the most relevant function of a drilling fluid is the ability to carry drill cuttings from the bit up to the annulus to the surface. The study further explained that the rheology of the drilling fluids and the associated annular hydraulics is directly dependent on the hole cleaning efficiency; and canvassed for adequate understanding of rheology as essential for cost effectiveness in meeting the drilling objective. Also, Okarjni and Azar [18S.S. Okrajni, and J.J. Azar, "The effects of mud rheology on annular hole cleaning in directional wells", SPE Drill. Eng., vol. 1, no. 40, pp. 297-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/14178-PA]
] carried out a study on the effects of field-measured mud rheological properties on cuttings transport. They observed that the annular mud velocity in vertical well drilling must be sufficient to avoid cuttings settling and assist in transporting these cuttings to the surface in a reasonable time. Azar and Sanchez [19J.J. Azar, and R.A. Sanchez, "Important issues in Cuttings Transport for Drilling Directional Wells",
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/39020-MS]
], in their study, made an interesting review on the factors that affect cuttings transport. They highlighted drilling fluid rheology, drill string rotation, drilling rates, flow rate and annular eccentricity, among others. The density of drilling mud has an associated effect on carrying capacity [20M. M. Salehi, and N. Malekzadeh, "Optimization of Hole Cleaning and Cutting Removal in Vertical, Deviated and Horizontal Wells", In Society of Petroleum Engineers SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, 20-22 September, Jakarta, Indonesia,, -SPE-143675.].

1.1. Basis of the Research

Two weighting materials were used in the analysis to observe the effects on the identified factors as annular pressure loss, cuttings transport efficiency and cuttings concentration that influence hole cleaning. The reason for using barite and calcium carbonate as two different materials is to affect the efficiency of hole cleaning by looking at the increase in the magnitude of plastic viscosity of the drilling mud system. Plastic viscosity is the measure of the quantity and quality of solids present in the mud. Plastic viscosity is the function of mud weight. Increase in mud weight increases the plastic viscosity of the mud. Plastic viscosity is inversely proportional to the Reynolds number. Therefore, optimising the mud weight and the plastic viscosity improves the hole cleaning by putting the system into laminar flow.

Also, in this research, both low gravity solids such as calcium carbonate of an average specific gravity of 2.6 and high gravity solids such as barite of an average specific gravity of 4.2 were considered. Sand formation and shale formation were used to represent solids to be cleaned during oil and gas drilling operations. The groundwater is being controlled by the drilling mud already treated with a fluid loss control additive.

2. METHODOLOGY

This section is divided into three parts, namely: (a) Mud formulation (b) Mud weights and Rheological properties measurements (c) Evaluation of annular pressure drop, cutting concentration and transport efficiency.

2.1. List of Apparatus

Apparatus used were weighing balance, measuring cylinder, beakers, Hamilton beach mixer, mud cup, mud balance, six point fann viscometer with thermostat.

2.2. Mud Formulation

The mud was formulated as shown in Table 1 without weighting material and with calcium carbonate and barite as weighting materials as shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Also included in the formulations were different additives to carry out specific functions.

Table 1
Mud formulation without any weighting material.


Table 2
Mud formulation using calcium carbonate as weighting material.


Table 3
Mud formulation using barite as weighting material.


Table 4
Mud properties using calcium carbonate as the weighting material.


Table 5
Mud properties using barite as the weighting material.


Table 6
The field data.


2.3. Mud Weight and Rheology Measurements

The fann viscometer readings at different dial speeds of 600rpm, 300rpm, 200rpm, 100rpm, 6rpm, 3rpm were obtained using VG meter at 120OF. The mud weight at different concentrations using barite and calcium carbonate respectively was also measured at 120OF as shown in Tables 4 and 5.

2.4. Evaluation of Pressure Drop, Cutting Concentration and Transport Efficiency

The research involved the evaluation of annular pressure loss, cuttings transport efficiency and cuttings concentration of drilling mud using calcium carbonate and barite as weighting materials. The drilling mud was formulated with different concentrations of barite and calcium carbonate (Tables 1-3). Rheological properties of the drilling mud were determined in the laboratory using a rotational viscometer and a mud balance at API standard (API RP 13B-1). The annular pressure drop, cutting concentration and the transport efficiency were evaluated on an excel spreadsheet using the rheological data from Tables 4 and 5 and the field data in Table 6. The results of this computation are tabulated in (Tables 7a and 7d) and (Tables 8a and 8b), respectively. The evaluation is based on Modified Power law principle using the rheological data.

Table 7a
Transport efficiency and Cutting concentration in shale formation using Calcium carbonate.


Table 7b
Transport efficiency and Cutting concentration in sandstone formation using calcium carbonate.


Table 7c
Transport efficiency and Cutting concentration in shale formation using barite.


Table 7d
Transport efficiency and Cutting concentration in sandstone formation using calcium carbonate.


Table 8a
Annular pressure drop using different concentrations of Calcium carbonate.


Table 8b
Annular pressure drop using different concentrations of Barite.


The following assumptions were made:

  1. The annular flow behind the outer diameter of the drill collar is turbulent.
  2. The annular flow behind the outer diameter of the drill pipe is laminar.

The following equations were used to make calculations for this analysis:

3. ANNULAR PRESSURE DROP EQUATION

Based on the Modified power law principle, Pressure loss is given by:

(1)

Where, Va = Annular velocity in ft/sec

d1, d2= Hydraulic diameter, inches

Other related formulas from i to vii [21Baker Hughes Inteq, Drilling Fluids Manual., Hydraulics Publisher Baker Hughes Inteq, pp. 10-, 22, 36, 48,180.]:

(2)

Where Va= Annular velocity in ft/sec

q = Flow Rate in gpm

   (3)

Where γp= Shear rate in s-1

ka= Annular consistency index

na= Annular flow behaviour index

   (4)

Where τp= Shear stress

T = Cutting thickness in inches.

(5)

Where γp = Shear rate in s-1.

Vs = Cuttings slip velocity in ft/s.

dp = Diameter of the drill pipe in inches.

(6)

Where Tr= Cuttings Transport Ratio

(7)

Where Tc= Cuttings Transport Efficiency

(8)

Where Ca = Cuttings Concentration in vol. %

ROP = Rate of Penetration in ft/hr.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results from the calculations of annular pressure drop, cuttings transport efficiency and cutting concentration are presented in Fig. (1). A good hole cleaning procedure practically depends on the type of weighting material used and the practice applied during the drilling operation. This analysis involves the use of barite and calcium carbonate as weighting materials. The fresh mud was prepared using both weighting materials. Fig. (1) shows the effect of the weighting materials on annular pressure drop. A sample of barite 4.2 SG and calcium carbonate 2.7 SG was used to carry out the laboratory tests. Both weighting materials from the plots gave good results but barite gave a better result. From the plots, at a mud weight of 8.7ppg, calcium carbonate gave a pressure drop of 11.037psi while barite gave a lower pressure drop of 10.052 psi. This trend continued for both weighting materials at subsequent mud weights. Barite gave a low annular pressure drop which would result in a better ECD and better hole cleaning operation.

Fig. (2) shows the effect of the weighting materials on transport efficiency in shale and sandstone formations. Calcium carbonate gave a higher transport efficiency result compared to barite in both formations. This result is backed up by the findings of Kippax and Ward-Smith (2013) who explained that calcium carbonate has finer particles compared to barite after careful analysis using a master sizer 2000 from Malvern instruments and a laser diffraction analyser. They further explained that fine particles are usually associated with high viscosities that promote the suspension and transportation of cuttings. This accounts for the high transport efficiency given by calcium carbonate in both shale and sandstone formations.

Fig. (1)
Effect of weighting materials on annular pressure drop.


Fig.(2)
Effect of weighting materials on transport efficiency in shale and sandstone formations.


Fig. (3)
Effect of weighting materials on cutting concentration in shale and sandstone formations.


Table 9
Summary of the selection criteria.


It is also evident from Fig. (2) that shale formation has higher transport efficiency than sandstone formation with both weighting materials. Cuttings size slightly influences hole cleaning. According to the work of Larsen et al (1993), small particles are more difficult to clean than larger particles. This is because smaller particles form more compact beddings compared to bigger particles that form loose compact beddings which can be easily swept away. Sandstone has more loose and unconsolidated particles compared to shale. Shale has a larger cutting size this is why it gives a better transport efficiency.

Fig. (3) shows the effect of weighting materials on cutting concentration in shale and sandstone formations. From the plots, calcium carbonate gave a better result than barite in both formations. A low cutting concentration is ideal for a good hole cleaning procedure. This is because of the high transport efficiency already portrayed by Calcium carbonate because of its fine particles as observed by Kippax and Ward-Smith (2013) so there tends to be lesser amount of drill cuttings when calcium carbonate is incorporated into the drilling mud than when barite is used. As a result of this, calcium carbonate is applicable in depleted reservoirs (low pressure reservoirs) and it can act as a bridging agent. It also minimizes formation damage.

It is also evident from Fig. (3) that shale gives a lower and better cutting concentration using both weighting materials compared to sandstone. The higher the transport efficiency, as already explained above from Fig. (2), the lower the cutting concentration. High cutting concentration would lead to high ECD and higher chances of hole cleaning issues. The summary of the selection criteria based on the analysed results for both weighting materials is shown in Table 9.

5. PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT

Cuttings transport with emphasis on hole cleaning is a subject of interest in the Exploration and Production (E&P) industry, because inefficient cuttings transport or wellbore cleaning leads to differential sticking and formation fracture if not controlled. Drilling fluid properties have been identified as important factors in achieving efficient wellbore cleaning. These properties are both rheological and mud weight properties. The rheological properties include yield point, low shear rate yield point, and qualitative plastic viscosity, but in this study, the emphasis is on drilling mud weight as related to hole cleaning was investigated. Two field applicable weighting agents of barite and calcium carbonate were used for these analyses, and their individual results were analysed with respect to the aim of the study.

CONCLUSION

The following conclusions were derived from this study:

  1. Drilling mud weighted up with barite gave a better annular pressure drop than the drilling mud weighted up with calcium carbonate.
  2. Calcium carbonate gave a better result in terms of cutting concentration compared to barite in both shale and sandstone formations.
  3. Calcium carbonate gave a better cutting transport efficiency compared to barite in both shale and sandstone formations.
  4. Shale gave a better transport efficiency and cutting concentration for both weighting materials.
  5. The higher density weighting material gave a better hole cleaning result than the lower density weighting material

NOMENCLATURE

ECD  = Equivalent Circulating Density
API  = American Petroleum Institute
Va  = Annular Velocity, ft/sec
d1, d2  = Hydraulic Diameter, inches
q  = Flow Rate, gpm
γp  = Shear Rate, S-1
ka  = Annular Consistency Index
na  = Annular Flow Behaviour Index
T  = Cutting Thickness, Inches
Vs  = Cuttings Slip Velocity, ft/s
dp  = Diameter of the Drill Pipe, Inches
Tr  = Cuttings Transport Ratio
Tc  = Cuttings Transport Efficiency
Ca  = Cuttings Concentration, Vol. %
ROP  = Rate of Penetration, ft/hr

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS

Not applicable.

FUNDING

A specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors was not received for this research work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Declared none.

REFERENCES

[1] A.S. Adenubi, K.C. Igwilo, E.E. Okoro, and A.O. Mamudu, "Data for analyzing drilling fluid ability to effectively achieve hole cleaning for high shear and low shear rates", Data Brief, vol. 19, pp. 1515-1521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.06.007] [PMID: 30229023]
[2] E.E. Okoro, A. Dosunmu, and S.E. Iyuke, "Data on cost analysis of drilling mud displacement during drilling operation", Data Brief, vol. 19, pp. 535-541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.05.075] [PMID: 29900353]
[3] E.B. Ekeinde, E.E. Okoro, A. Dosunmu, and S. Iyuke, "Optimizing aqueous drilling mud system viscosity with green additives", J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-018-0481-0]
[4] R.B. Adari, S. Miska, E. Kuru, P. Bern, and A. Saasen, "Selecting Drilling Fluid Properties and Flow rates for Effective Hole Cleaning in High angle and Horizontal wells", SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, pp. 1-4.Dallas
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/63050-MS]
[5] B. Busahmin, N.H. Saeid, U.H.B.H. Hassan, and G. Alusta, “Analysis of Hole Cleaning for a vertical Well”, Open Access Library Journal., vol. Vol. 4 e 3579, ISSN Online, pp. 2333-9721.
[6] A.Z. Noah, "Optimizing Drilling Fluid Properties and Flow Rates for Effective Hole Cleaning at High Angle and Horizontal Wells", J. Appl. Sci. Res., pp. 705-718.
[7] S.F. Ofesi, S.I. Onwukwe, and U.I. Duru, Optimizing hole cleaning using low viscosity drilling fluid., Advances in Petroleum Exploration and Development, pp. 51-61.
[8] K. Wang, T. Yan, X. Sun, S. Shao, and S. Luan Shizhu, "Review and analysis of cuttings transport in complex structural wells", Open Fuels Energy Sci. J., vol. 6, pp. 9-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973X20130610001]
[9] B. Demirdal, The Study of Flow of Paraffin Based Synthetic Based Drilling Fluid at Elevated Pressure and Elevated Temperature (EPET) conditions, An M.Sc Thesis submitted to the, University of Tulsa, .Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
[10] B. Demirdal, Z.B. Stefan, E.T. Nicholas, and J.C. Cunha, "Drilling fluids rheological and volumetric characterization under down hole conditions", Buenos Aires, Argentina
[11] H. Osei, "A Review of the Rheological Effects of Power Law Drilling Fluids on Cutting Transportation in Non-Vertical Boreholes",
[12] E.M. Micah, Combined Effect of rheological model and Equivalent Diameter Definitions on Pressure Losses/Equivalent Circulating Density estimation, An MSc Thesis submitted to the Department of Petroleum Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, pp. 1-63.Abuja
[13] C. Unegbu, Hole Cleaning and Hydraulics., University of Stavanger: Stavanger, pp. 1-75.
[14] R.P. Jachnik, "Low Shear Rate Rheology of Drilling Fluids Annual Transactions of the Nordic Rheology Society, Vol. 11, 2003", Available from: https://nordicrheologysociety.org/Content/ Transactions/2003/Richard
[15] A.W. Iyoho, M. Zamora, and C. Aldea, Hole cleaning: The Achilles’ Heel of Drilling Performance., In American Association of Drilling Engineers: Houston, Texas, .
[16] M.V. Ochoa, Analysis of drilling fluid rheology and tool joint effect to reduce errors in hydraulics calculations, A dissertation submitted to the office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, .
[17] K.C. Igwilo, Fundamentals of Drilling Fluids Technology.Choba., Emhai Books: Port Harcourt, .
[18] S.S. Okrajni, and J.J. Azar, "The effects of mud rheology on annular hole cleaning in directional wells", SPE Drill. Eng., vol. 1, no. 40, pp. 297-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/14178-PA]
[19] J.J. Azar, and R.A. Sanchez, "Important issues in Cuttings Transport for Drilling Directional Wells",
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/39020-MS]
[20] M. M. Salehi, and N. Malekzadeh, "Optimization of Hole Cleaning and Cutting Removal in Vertical, Deviated and Horizontal Wells", In Society of Petroleum Engineers SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, 20-22 September, Jakarta, Indonesia,, -SPE-143675.
[21] Baker Hughes Inteq, Drilling Fluids Manual., Hydraulics Publisher Baker Hughes Inteq, pp. 10-, 22, 36, 48,180.
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